Flashcard Set Preview
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Argument
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A group of statements, one or more of which (the premises) are claimed to provide support for,...
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Types of non-arguments
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(10) Warnings, Pieces of Advice, Statemetns of Belief, Statements of Opinion, Loosely Associated...
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Deductive argument
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An argument incorporating the claim that it is impossible for the conclusion to be false givent...
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Inductive argument
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An argument incorporating the claim that it is improbable that the conclusion is false given...
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Types of deductive arguments
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(5) Argument Based on Mathematics, Argument from Definition, Categorical Syllogism, Hypothetical...
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Types of inductive arguments
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(6) Prediction, Argument from Analogy, Generalization, Argument from Authority, Argument Based...
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Validity
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An argument in which it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises...
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Invalidty
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A deductive argument which it IS possible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises...
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Inferential Claim
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A claim that alleged evidence or reasons support or imply something.
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Factual Claim
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A claim that something is true; a claim that evidence or reasons are being presented.
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Strength
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An inductive argument in which it is improbable that the conclusion will be false given that...
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Weak
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an argument in which the conclusion does not follow probably from the premises, even though...
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Soundness/Unsoundness
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sound is a deductive argument that is is valid and has all true premises, if either condition...
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Appeal to Force
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Argumentum ad Baculum. Arguer threatens reader/listener.
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Cogency/Uncogency
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cogent is an inductive argument that is STRONG and has all true premises, if either condition...
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Appeal to Pity
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Argumentum ad Misericordiam. Arguer elicits pity from reader/listener.
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Appeal to the People
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Argumentum ad Populum. (direct) Arguer arouses mob mentality. (indirect) Arguer appeals to...
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Appeal to Snobbery
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A variety of the appeal-to-the-people fallacy that occurs when the arguer plays on the reader's/listener's...
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Bandwagon Argument
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A variety of the appeal-to-the-people fallacy that occurs when the arguer plays on the reader's/listener's...
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Appeal to Vanity
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A variety of the appeal-to-the-people fallacy that occurs when an arguer plays on the vanity...
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Argument Against the Person
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Argumentum ad Hominem. An informal fallacy that occurs when an arguer verbally attacks the...
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Ad Hominem Abusive
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A variety of the argument-against-the-person fallacy where arguer verbally abuses other arguer/
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Ad Hominem Circumstantial
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A variety of the argument-against-the-person fallacy where arguer presents other arguer as...
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Tu Quoque
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A variety of the argument-against-the-person fallacy that occurs when an arguer presents other...
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Accident
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General rule is applied to a specific case it was not intended to cover.
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Fallacies of Relevance
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(8) A group of informal fallacies that occur because the premises of an argument are irrelevant...
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Straw Man
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Arguer distorts opponent's argument and then attacks the distorted argument.
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Missing the Point
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Ignoratio Elenchi. Arguer draws conclusion different from that supported by premises.
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Red Herring
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Arguer leads reader/listener off track.
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Fallacies of Weak Induction
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(6) A group of informal fallacies that occur because the connection between the premises and...
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Appeal to Unqualified Authority
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Argumentum ad Verecundiam. Arguer cites untrustworthy authority.
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Appeal to Ignorance
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Argumentum ad Ignorantiam. Premises report that nothin is known or proved, and then a conclusion...
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Hasty Generalization
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(Converse Accident) Conclusion is drawn from an atypical sample.
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False Cause
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Conclusion depends on nonexistent or minor causal connection.
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Slippery Slope
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Conclusion depends on unlikely chain reaction.
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Weak Analogy
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Conclusion depends on defective analogy.
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Fallacies of Presumption
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(4) Where the premises presume what the puport to prove.
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Fallacies of Ambiguity
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(2) Arise from the occurrence of some form of ambiguity in either the premises or the conclusion...
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Fallacies of Grammatical Analogy
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(2) Grammatically analogous to other arguments that are good in every respect.
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Begging the Question
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Petitio Principii. Arguer creates the illusion that inadequate premises are adequate by leaving...
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Complex Question
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Multiple questions are concealed in a single question.
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False Dichotomy
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"Either...or..." statement hides additional alternatives.
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Suppresed Evidence
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Arguer ignores important evidence that requires a different conclusion.
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Equivocation
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Conclusion depends on a shift in meaning of a word or phrase. (Semantics)
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Amphiboly
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Conclusion depends on the wrong interpretation of a syntactically ambiguous statement. (Syntax)
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Composition
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Attribute is wrongly transferred from parts to whole.
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Division
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Attribute is wrongly transferred from whole to parts.
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