integument, skeletal, muscle

77 cards

chapter 37

Created Dec 7, 2006
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	Side A	Side B
1	two layer of vertebrate skin	epidermis, dermis
2	keratinocytes and melanocytes are contained in the	epidermis
3	keratinocyte	cells that produce water proofing protein keratin
4	melanocytes	cells that produce melanin for keratinocyte
5	melanin	brownish pigment, creates a barrier to UV
6	functions of skin	protection (injury, dehydration, UV, pathogens), temperature control, stimuli, vitamen d production
7	epidermis is	stratified epithelium
8	what kind of tissue is the dermis made of/	connective (with both elastin and collagen)
9	does the dermis contain blood vessels?	yes
10	does the dermis contain sweat and oil glands	yes
11	does the dermis contain nerves?	yes nerve fibers
12	hypodermis	anchors dermis to structures below, connective tissue and adipose tissue for insulation and...
13	hair is made up of	keratinized cells
14	follicle	where the hair root is embedded into the dermis
15	cuticle	dead flattened cells around hair shaft
16	where do hair cells come from	skin cells that make polypeptide chain of keratin
17	microfiber	three polypeptide chains coiled into one
18	macrofiber	several microfibers coiled into cable like fiber
19	types of skeletons	hydrostatic, exoskeleton, endoskeleton
20	how do insects use their exoskeleton to flap their wings?	muscles contract, exoskeleton pops out, wings move up. Muscles relax, exoskeleton pops back,...
21	funcitons of bones	movement, support and anchor muscles, enclose and protect internal organs, store calcium and...
22	how many major bones in the human skeleton?	206
23	two major divisions of the skeleton	appendicular and axial
24	appendicular skeleton consists sof	pectoral girdle and upper extremeties, and the pelvic girdle and lower extremeties
25	axial skeleton consists of	skull, rib cage, vertebral column
26	two types of tissue in long bones	spongy and compact
27	compact bone	resists mechanical shock
28	spongy bone	where red marrow is found
29	central cavity of the long bone contains	yellow marrow
30	yellow marrow	converts into red marrow then makes blood cells when necessary
31	compact bone consists of (blank) systems	haversian
32	haversian systems	thin, cylindrical dense layers around interconnecting canals for blood supply and nervous tissue
33	bone tissue is first formed in embryos from	cartilage model
34	osteoblast	deposit bone
35	osteoclasts	secrete enzymes that degrade bone
36	reason for bone remodeling	adjust bone strength and helps maintain blood calcium and phosphorus levels
37	three types of joints	fibrous, cartilagenous, and synovial
38	what kind of joints do fetal skulls have?	fibrous
39	cartilaginous joints allow for	slight movement
40	synovial joints	move freely, ligaments connect bones
41	triceps brachi	straighens forearm
42	pectoralis major	draws arm forward
43	rectus abdominus	depresses thoracic cavity and bends backbone
44	adductor longus	draws thigh towards body
45	sartorius	bends thigh at hip, bends lower leg at knee
46	quadtriceps femoris	flexes thigh at hip, wxtends leg at knee
47	biceps brachii	bends forearm
48	deltoid	raises arm
49	trapezius	lifts shoulder blade
50	latissimus dorsi	draws arm backward
51	gluteus maximus	extends thigh outward
52	biceps femoris	hamstring, draws thigh backward, bends knee
53	gastrocnemius	calf, bends lower leg at knee
54	a muscle fiber is a	single muscle cell
55	each muscle fiber contains many	myofibrils
56	myofibrils are made up of	actin and myosin
57	actin and myosin are arranged into	sarcomeres
58	sarcomeres	basic unit of muscle contraction
59	z band	anchors sarcomeres
60	actin looks lilke	two strands of pearls twisted together
61	myosin molecules look like	a golf club with two heads
62	neuromuscular junction	connection of motor neuron and skeletal muscle
63	sarcoplasmic reticulum	membranous wrapping around myofibrils
64	at rest binding site between actin and myosin is blocked by what	troponin and tropomyosin
65	upon stimulation, calcium ions diffuse into myofibril and biegin binding to	troponin
66	eventually, calcium ions cause troponin to	change shape and slide off myosin binding site
67	with troponin and tropomyosin gone, myosin is free to bind with	actin, and contraction occurs
68	three pathways that supply atp to power muscle contractions	dephosphorylation of creatine phophate, aerobic respiration, and glycolysis (anaerobic resp)
69	dephosphorylation of creatine phosphate	creatine phosphate donates phosphate to ADP to make ATP, left iwth creatine (good for few quick...
70	Aerobic respiration	body uses glucose from blood stream and oxygen to make ATP (good for prolonged moderate excercise)
71	glycoloysis	glucose broken down withoutoxygen, necessary when respiratory system can't keep up (byproduct...
72	isotonic contraction	muscle tension exceeds load and muscle shortens
73	isometric contractions	muscle tension does not exceed load and thus lengthens
74	motor unit	one neuron and all the muscle cells that it forms juncitons with, each muscle consists of many...
75	twitch	initial response of muscle cell (50 milliseconds to contract and relax)
76	tetanus	sustained contraction resulting from repeated stimulation of motor unit
77	what will happen if muscle is kept in tetanus for too long	fatigue