Flashcard Set Preview
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immune system
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a cell population that inhabits all organs and defends the body from agents of disease
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lymphatic system
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a network of organs and vein like vessels that recovers fluid, it inspects it for disease agents,...
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three functions of the lymphatic system
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1. fluid recovery2. immunity3. lipid absorption
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the blood capillaries reabsorb ___ % of fluid filtered in the capillary beds in reabsorbed...
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85
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____ % of water and about half of the plasma proteins enter the lymphatic system and then are...
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15
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2 points of the lymphatic system
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1. maintain fluid balance 2. protect body from infection and disease
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lymph
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the recovered fluid; clear and colorless, similar to plasma, but much less protein
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lymphatic vessels
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transport the lymph, penetrates nearly every tissue of body, valve so it can only go one way
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lymphatic tissues
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composed of aggregates of lymphocytes and macrophages that populate many organs in the body
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lymphatic organs
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defense cells are especially concentrated in these organs.
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lacteals
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(lymphatic vessels in the villi of the small intestines)-absorb dietary lipids in small intestine...
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2 lymphatic collecting ducts
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-right lymphatic duct: receives lymph from right arm, right side of head and thorax, empties...
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cisterna chyli
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receives lymph from below diaphragm, left arm, left side of head, neck and thoraz, empties...
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subclavian veins
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empty into the superior vena cava
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6 types of cells in the lymphatic tissue
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1. natural killer cells 2. T lymphocytes 3. B lymphocytes 4. macrophages5. dendritic...
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2 types of lymphatic tissues
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1. diffuse lyphatic tissue (simplest form) 2. lymphatic nodules (follicles)
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2 types of lymphatic organs
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primary lymphatic organs (red bone marrow and thymus) secondary lymphatic organs (lymph...
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diffuse lymphatic tissue
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-lymphocytes are scattered, rather than densely clustered -prevalent in body passages...
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Mucosa -associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)
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most common. lymphatic tissue that is prevalent in body passages open to the exterior. (respiratory,...
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lymphatic nodules (follicles)
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dense masses of lymphocytes and macrophages that congregate in response to pathogens
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Natural Killer Cells
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-large lymphocytes that attack and destroy bacteria, transplanted tissue, host cells infected...
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T lymphocytes (t cells)
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lymphocytes that mature in the thymus
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B lymphocytes (b cells)
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lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow-activation causes proliferation and differentiation...
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macrophages
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-develop from monocytes, very large cells that phagocytize tissue debris, dead neutrophils,...
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dendritic cells
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branched, mobile APCs found in epidermis, mucous membranes and lymphatic organs-alert immune...
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reticular cells
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branched stationary, fibroblast like cells that contribute to the CT of the stroma of a lymphatic...
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peyer patches
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dense clusters in the ileum, the distor portion of the small intestine
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| 28 |
primary lymphatic organ
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red bone marrow and thymus, the site where T and b cells become immunocompetent.
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immunocompetent
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able to recognize and respond to antigens
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secondary lymphatic organs
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lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen. (already immunocompetent)
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red bone marrow
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the site of hemopoiesis and immunity -as blood cells mature, they push their way through...
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hemopoiesis
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blood formation
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histology of bone marrow
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1. enter sinusoid2. travel down to central longitudinal vein3. exit same way as arteries entered4....
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thymus
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member of the endocrine, lymphatic and immune system-houses developing lymphocytes
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trabeculea (septa)
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divide the gland into several lobes
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reticular epithelial cells
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seal off cortex and from blood thymus barrier
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2 functions of the lymph nodes
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cleanse the lymphact as a site of T and B cell activation
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hilum
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indention on side of lymph node
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parenchyma
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divided into the cortex and the medulla
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germinal centers
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where B cells multiply and differentiate into plasma cells
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afferent lymphatic vessels
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lead into the node along its convex surface
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efferent lymphatic lessels
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lead out of the node
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7major lymph nodes
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-cervical-axillary-thoracic -abdominal -intestinal-inguinal-popliteal
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lymphadenitis/lymphadenopathy
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swollen, painful node responding to foreign antigen
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tonsils
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patches of lymphatic tissue located at the entrance to the pharynx. guard against ingested...
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tonsil crypt
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deep pits lined with lymphatic nodules
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3 main sets of tonsils
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-palatine tonsils -lingual tonsils-pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
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spleen
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largest lymphatic organ
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2 types of tissue in spleen
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red pulp: sinuses filled with erythrocyteswhite pulp: lymphocytes, macrophages surrouding small...
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functions of spleen
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blood production in fetus, blood reservoir, erythrocyte graveyard for RBC disposal, white pulp...
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slenectomy
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when you rupture your spleen it requires this surgery
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pathogens
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microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, and fungi) capable or producing diseases (also refers to...
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nonspecific resistance vs. specific defense (immunity)
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nonspecific: guards equally against a broad range of pathogens. their effectiveness does not...
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three lines of defense against pathogens
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first line: external barriers like skin and mucous membranes second line: several nonspecific...
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defensins/cathelicidins
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peptides that kill microbes by creating holes in their membranes
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acid mantle
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think film of lactic acid from sweat which inhibits bacterial growth
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mucous membranes
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digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts are open to the exterior and protected...
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lysozyme
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enzymes destroys bacterial cell walls
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subepithelial areolar tissue
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beneath epithelia of skin and mucous membranes. -a viscous barrier of hyaluronic acid
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hyaluronidase
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enzyme used by pathogens to make hyaluronic acid less visous
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second line of defense
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if microorganisms get past the skin and mucous membranes, phagocytes (leukocytes and...
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5 types of leukocytes
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-neutrophils-eosinophils-basophils-lymphocytes-monocytes
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blood borne antimicrobial proteins
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proteins that inhibit microbial reproduction and provide short term, non specific resistance...
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two families of antimicrobial proteins
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interferons, complement system
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interferons
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secreted by certain cells infected by viruses-alert neighboring cells and protect them from...
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complement system
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a group of 30 or more globular proteins that make powerful contributions to both nonspecific...
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4 methods of pathogen destruction in the activated compliment system
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-inflammation-immune clearance - phagocytosis -cytolysis
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three routs of complement activation
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-classical pathway - antibody dependent -alternative pathway - antibody independent-lectin...
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fever
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an abnormal elevation of body temperature (result from trauma, infection drug reaction...
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exogenous pyrogens
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fever producing agents (initiates fever) - glycolipids on bacterial and viral surfaces
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prostaglandin E2
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stimulated by endogenous pyrogens, raises hypothalamic set point for body temperature
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stages of fever
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- onset- stadium - defervescene (subsidence of fever)
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reye syndrome
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serious disorder in children younger than 15 following an acute viral infection like chicken...
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inflammation
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local defensive response to tissue injury of any kind, including trauma and infection.
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purpose of imflammation
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-limits spread of pathogens, then destroys them -removes debris from damaged tissue -initiates...
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4 cardinal signs of inflammation
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1. redness2. swelling3. heat4. pain
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cytokines
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class of chemicals that regulates inflammation and immunity - secreted by leukocytes -...
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3 major processes of inflammation
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1. mobilization of body defenses2. containment and destruction of pathogens3. tissue cleanup...
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mobilization of body defense
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most immediate requirement for dealing with tissue injury is to get the defensive leukocytes...
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hyperemia
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increasing blood flow beyond normal rate
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4 cardinal signs of inflammation (and reason for each )
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heat: hyperemiaredness: hyperemia, and extravasated RBC in the tissueswelling (edema):...
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bradykinin
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stimulates pain
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three steps of mobilization of defenses
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1. injury leads to release of chemical messengers from mast cells and basophils2. leukocytes...
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diapedesis/ emigration
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leukocytes then crawl through gaps between endothelial cells
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migration
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leukocytes are recruited to the area of injury and produce selection which cause the leukocytes...
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the priority of inflammation
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to prevent the pathogens from spreading throughout the body
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fibrinogen
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filters into tissue fluid clots (froms a sticky mesh that walls off microbes)
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heparin
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prevents clotting at site of injury
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chemotaxis
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attraction to chemicals such as bradykinin and leukotrienes that guide them to the injury site
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role of neutrophils in containment and destruction of pathogens
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the chief enemy of bacteria, accumulate at the injury site within an hour (exhibit chemotaxis)
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next two steps in containment and destruction of pathogens
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4. chemotaxis 5. phagocytosis = neutrophils engulf and destroy bacteria
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colony simulating factor
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stimulates production of more leukocytes
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tissue repair and clean up
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-mostly monocytes clean up (engulf and destroy) -edema contributes by compressing veins...
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pus
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accumulation of dead neutrophils, bacteria, other debris, and tissue fluid from pool of yellowish...
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abscess
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accumulation of pus in a tissue cavity
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platelet derived growth factor
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secreted by blood platelets and endothelial cells in injured area (stimulated fibroblasts to...
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hyperemia's role in tissue cleanup and repair
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delivers oxygen, amino acids, and other necessites for protein synthesis
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difference in immunity and nonspecific resistance
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nonspecific: immunity direct against a particular pathogenmemory: when RE EXPOSED the...
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cellular vs. humoral immunity
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cellular: T cells - lymphocytes directly attack and destroy foreign or diseased...
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natural active vs. artificial active immunity
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natural - production of ones own antibodies or T cells as a result of infection or natural...
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vaccine
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consists of dead or weakened pathogens that stimulate the immune response without causing the...
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booster shots
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periodic immunizations to simulate the immune memory to maintain a high level of protection
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natural passive v. artificial passive immunity
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natural passive: temporary immunity that results from antibodies produced by another person...
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antigens
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any molecule that triggers an immune response
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epitopes (antigenic determinants)
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certain regions of an antigen molecule that stimulates immune responses
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three major cells of the immune system
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lymphocytes-macrophages-dendratic cells
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three categories of lymphocytes
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-natural killer cells- T lymphocytes ( t cells) -B lymphocytes ( b cells)
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t cells involve what three stages and three anatomical stations in the body ?
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stages: born, mature, emigrate where: red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic organs
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what happens in maturation
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thymosins stimulate maturing T cells to develop suface antigen receptors. - now T cells...
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immunocompetent
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capable of recognizing antigens presented to them by APCs
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B lymphocytes develop where?
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bone marrow,
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role of APC's
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T cells can't recognize antigens on their won. - dendritic cells, macrophages, reticular...
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the function of APC's depends on ______
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major histocompatibility complex proteins (MHCs)
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role of MHC's
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act as cell "ID tags" and label every cell of your body as yours.
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steps of anitgen processing
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-APC encounter antigen. -internalize it by endocytosis-digest it into fragments-display...
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stops of antigen presenting
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-wandering T cells inspect APC for displayed antigens-if APC displays a self antigen. T cell...
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interleukins
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chemical messengers that coordinate actives of immune system
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4 classes of T cells
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Cytotoxic T cells: killer T: "effectors" carry out attack on enemy cellsHelper T: help promote...
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three stages of cellular and humoral immunity
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- recognition -attack -memory
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"three R's of immunity"
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recognize, react, remember
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steps of antigen presentation in cellular immunity
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-APC encounters and processes antigen-migrates to lymph node-displays it to T cell-T cell initiates...
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T cells respond to two classes of _____
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MHC - I proteins (normal cell antigens that don't elect a t cell response, infected or malignant...
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role of helper T cells in Attack
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-recognizes the Ag-MHCP complex -secretes interleukins
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role of cytotoxic T cells in attack
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only T cells the directly attack other cells
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role of interferons in attack
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-attract neutrophils and NK cells-attract macrophages, stimulate phagocytic activity, and inhibit...
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perforin/granzymes
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kill cells in the same manner as NK cells
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Tumor necrosis factor ( TNF)
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aids in macrophages activation and kills cancer cells (goes off in search of another enemy...
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T cell recall response
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upon re-exposure to the same pathogen later in life, memory cells launch a quick attack so...
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main difference in humoral immunity
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B lymphocytes produce antibodes that bind to antigens and tag them for destruction by other...
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steps in recognition of humoral immunity
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-immunocompetent B cells have thousands of surface receptors for one antigen. -activation...
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clonal selection
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-B cells mitosis gives rise to entire ton of b cells programmed against te same antigen -more...
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immunoglobulin (Ig)
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an antibody is a defensive gamma globulin found in the blood plasma, tissue fluids, body secretions...
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antibody monomer
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the basic structural unit of an antibody -composed of 4 polypeptide chanes by disulfide...
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5 classes of antibodies
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IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
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IgA
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provides immunity to newborns
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IgD
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thought to function in B cell activation by antigens
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IgE
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stimulates the release of histamines, and other mediators of inflammation
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IgG
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80% of circulating antibodies, secreted in secondary immune response, complement fixation
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| 139 |
IgM
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secreted in primary immune response, agglutination, complement fixation
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somatic recombination
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DNA segments shuffled and form new combinations of base sequences. how we produce so many diff....
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Mechanisms to render antigens Harmless
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1.neutralization2.complement fixation3. agglutination4. precipitation
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neutralization
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antibodies mask pathogens region of antigen
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complement fixation
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antigin binds to IgM or IgG, antibody changes shape, initiates compliment binding (inflammation,...
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agglutination
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antibody binds to multiple enemy cells immobilizing them from spreading
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precipitation
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antibody binds to antigen and creates complex that precipitates phagocytized by eosinophils
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| 146 |
primany immune response
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first time exposure, appearance of protective antibodies in 3 - 6 days, antibody titer rises,
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| 147 |
secondary response
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IgG titer rises sharply and peaks in few days. IgG remain elevated for protection
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| 148 |
hypersensitivity
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an excessive immune reaction against antigens that most people tolerate
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| 149 |
alloimmunity
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reaction to transplanted tissue from another person
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autoimmunity
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abnormal reactions to one's own tissues
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| 151 |
allergies
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reactions to environmental antigens of allergens
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| 152 |
4 kinds of hypersensitivity
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based on the type of immune agents involved (antibodies or T cells) and their method of attack...
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| 153 |
Type I (acute/immediate hypersensitivity)
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very rapid response-includes most common allergies-IgE mediated reaction that begins within...
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| 154 |
Type II and Type III (subacute hypersensitivity)
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slower onset (1 to 3 hours after exposure)-last longer (10 - 15 hours) -types I, II, III...
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| 155 |
Type IV
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delayed cell mediated response
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| 156 |
anaphylaxis
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-immediate, severe type I reaction-local anaphylaxix can be relieved with antihistamines
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| 157 |
anaphylactic shock
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-severe, widespread acute hypersensitivity that occurs when an allergen is introduced to the...
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role of epinephrine in anaphyactic shock
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relieves the symptoms by dialating bronchioles, inc. cardiac output, restoring BP
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| 159 |
asthma
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most common chronic illness in kids
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| 160 |
allergic (extrinsic) asthma
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most common form-respiratory crisis triggered by inhaled allergens-stimulate plasma cells to...
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| 161 |
nonallergic (intrinsic) asthma
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triggered by infections, drugs, air pollutants, cold dry air, excersize, emotions-more common...
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| 162 |
treatment of asthma
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epinephrine and other B adrenergic stimulants to dilate airways and restore breathing, and...
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| 163 |
Type II (aintibody dependent cytotoxic hypersensitivity
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occurs when IgG or IgM attacks antigens bound to cell surfaces-reaction leads to complement...
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| 164 |
Type III (immune complex hypersensitivity)
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occurs when IgG or IgM from antigen-antibody complexes that precipitate beneath endothelium...
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| 165 |
Type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity
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-cell mediated reaction, signs appear 12 - 72 hours later-begins when APC in lymph nodes display...
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| 166 |
autoimmune diseases
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immune system fails to distinguish self antigens from foreign ones -produces antibodies...
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| 167 |
three reasons why self tolerance fails
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1. cross reactivity: some antibodies against foreign antigens react to similar self antigens 2....
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| 168 |
immunodeficiency disease
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immune system fails to react vigorously enough or may be completely absent - can...
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| 169 |
SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency disease)
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hereditary lack of T an B cells vulnerability to opportunistic infection and must live...
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| 170 |
selective IgA deficiency
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most common immunodeficiency disease -people with this disorder have absent level of a...
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| 171 |
Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
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-nonhereditary diseases contracted after birth-final stage of HIV infection where there is...
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| 172 |
reverse transcriptase (retrovirus)
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uses viral RNA as template to synthesize DNA -new DNA is inserted into host cell DNA-once...
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| 173 |
Signs/Symptoms of AIDS
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early: flulike symptoms of chills and fever then nigh sweats, fatigue, headache, extreme...
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| 174 |
candida
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white patches on mucous membranes
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| 175 |
kaposi sarcoma
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cancer originates in endothelial cells of blood vessels; causes purple lesions in skin
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| 176 |
treatment strategies
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-prevent binding to CD4 proteins of Th cells. -disrupt reverse transcriptase to inhibit...
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| 177 |
medications for HIV
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-none eliminate -HIV develops drug resistance, (azidothymidine) and protease inhibitors....
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