Flashcard Set Preview
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What is Metabolism? How about Catabolism and Anabolism?
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All reactions in the body that involve energy transformations1. Catabolism: break down of larger...
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What are the 2 pathways in which a glucose molecule can be broken up?
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1. Aerobic: Requires Oxygen and yields more energy. Yields 30 ATP + heat + CO2 + H2O2....
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Describe glycolysis
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Its the first step of the metabolic pathway and is the process in which 1 glucose (6C) is broken...
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What is Nicotinamid Adenine DInucleotide (NAD/NADH)
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It is a coenzyme for many metabolic reactions that acts as a Hydrogen acceptor/donor in reducing/oxidising...
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Describe the lacic acid pathway in anaerobic metabolism.
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After NADH is produced in glycolysis, it has a hydrogen atom it needs to give away. 1....
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What is lactic acid?
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Produced anaerobically in skeletal muscles when O2 requirements is used up by exercise and...
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Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis
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1. Glycogenesis:the storage of glucose as glycogen 2. Glycogenolysis: the breakdown of glycogen...
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Describe Aerobic Respiration
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After pyruvic acid is formed by glycolysis, it enters the mitochondria where CO2 is clipped...
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| 9 |
Describe the krebs cycle
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Acetal CoA is oxidized, producing NADH and FADH2 and H2O and CO2. NADH and FADH enter...
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Describe the electron transport chain
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A linked series of proteins on the cisternae of the mitochondria; the proteins of which are...
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What is Oxidative Phosphoralation?
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Process where the energy created by the electron transport chain is used to phosphoralate ADP...
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What are free radicals?
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Highly reactive molecules with unpaired electrons. They are produced by leakage of electrons...
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| 13 |
What 6 things cause the production of free radicals?
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1. drugs 2. Radiation 3. toxins 4. Oxidized fats 5. Inflammation 6. Excess exercise
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How does the body deal with free radicals?
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1. Has enzymes like Superoxide dimutase, catalase, and glutahione peroxide that elminate them....
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| 15 |
How are fats and proteins used as energy storage?
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1. Fats can by hydrolized into glycerol and fatty acids and fatty acids can be broken down...
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| 16 |
Describe Acytl CoA
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Acytl CoA is a common substrate for energy and synthetic pathways. 1. Fat Synthesis:...
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Why is Fat storage so useful?
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Yields 9 Kilocallaries per gram whereas carbonyhdrates and progeins only yeild 4. Also...
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Lipolysis
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The breakdown of fat into fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids form adipose tissue and are...
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beta-oxidation
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Process in which fats are burnt and 2 carbon molecules are cleaved off to produce ATP.
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What is brown fat?
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Fat from which heat is produced instead of ATP. Amount of fat is greatest at birth and...
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What are keytone bodies?
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4C molecules that are formed when there is a surplus of fatty acids in the blood. It...
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What is the extracellular environment?
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All components of the body that is outisde of the cells.-Takes up only 33% of the body's water...
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| 23 |
Describe the extracellular matrix
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The EM is a meshwork of collagen and elastin fibers linked to molecules of gel-like ground...
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How is the plasma membraine selectivly permiable?
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It only allows nonpolar/fat soluable molecules h as O2, CO2, steroids, urea, ethenol, limited...
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Passive vs. Active transportation
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1. Passive: Moves components down concentration gradients. Require no energy. Non-polar...
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What are 4 factors that affect the rate of diffusion?
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1. Magnitude of a concentration gradient.2. Permiability of membrane to it3. Temperature 4....
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Osmosis and osmotic pressure
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The diffusion of h2O over a selectivly permiable membrane. -Some cells have aquaporines to...
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What is Osmolarity?
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*Osmolarity is the total molarity in a solution. -Ex: one mol of NaCl yields a 2 Osm...
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What is tonicity? What are the different types of tonics?
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The effect of a solution on osmotic movement of H2O. 1. Isotonic solutions: have the...
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What causes thirst?
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Dehydration occurs, the osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus stimulate ADH release which cause...
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| 31 |
Describe carrier-mediated transport. What is specificity, competition, and saturation.
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Molecules too large and polar to diffuse are transported across membrane by protein carriers....
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| 32 |
An active transport chain, Na+/K+ pump, and secondary active transport
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1. Active transport chain: a transport of molecules against a transportation gradient. ...
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| 33 |
Describe transport across epithelial membranes
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1. Absorption: transport of digestion products across intestinal epithelium into blood.2. Reabsorption:...
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Describe bulk transport
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Bulk transport moves large molecules nd particles across plasma membrane. Occurs by endocytosis...
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Cell Signaling
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1. Paracrine signaling: Cells secrete regulatory molecules that diffuse to nearby target cells....
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