Flashcard Set Preview
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| 1 |
How can you change the range of sensitivity for immunoassay?
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Dilute or concentrate the sample
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| 2 |
What is the error associated with immunoassay?
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It's quite significant; accept an error range around 4-6%
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| 3 |
Where does the error in immunoassay come from?
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Don't properly wash out the sample; different affinities; specificity of the receptor; half-life...
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| 4 |
What types of samples can radioimmunoassay be conducted on?
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Blood and saliva
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| 5 |
What are the steps of autoradiography?
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1. Prepare tissue (dye)2. Prepare hormone (attach to a ligand)3. Expose the ligand/hormone...
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| 6 |
What is autoradiography used for?
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Determine hormone uptake and locate receptors
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| 7 |
What type of animals can you only use for autoradiography?
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Dead ones; it's a post-mortem test
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| 8 |
What are pharmacological techniques for studying hormones?
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Receptor agonists/antagonists;General agonists/antagonists;cannulation
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| 9 |
What is cannulation?
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What is circulating in the blood of animal A is also made available in the blood of animal...
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| 10 |
What types of brain imaging techniques are used to study hormones?
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PET (only direct method)MRIfMRISpectroscopy
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| 11 |
What are the genetic manipulation techniques that you can do to study hormones?
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Transgenic (add a gene) or knockout
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| 12 |
What's the difference between sex and gender?
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Sex: biological;Gender: social and cultural
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| 13 |
Who created the epigenetic theory of sexual differentiation?
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Aristotle
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| 14 |
How are the sex different in terms of gonads?
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Males: prostate, tubing, testes, seminal vesiclesFemales: ovaries, oviducts, and uterus
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| 15 |
What are the different "types" of sex differences?
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Chromosomal; hormonal; gonadal; morphological
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| 16 |
What produces the fluid in which sperm is delivered
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Prostate
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| 17 |
T/F The prostate gland is an endocrine gland
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False
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| 18 |
How long is there no difference between the sexes in the womb? What is this period called?
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For the first 6 weeks;Called bipotentiality
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| 19 |
What differentiates males in the womb after 6 weeks?
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SRY --> TDF --> testes develop out of the germinal ridge + TDF stimulates MIH which inhibits...
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| 20 |
What hormone is high in males postnatally until puberty?
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MIH (Mullerian inhibitory hormone)
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| 21 |
If a male has no ____, then he will develop as a female
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SRY
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| 22 |
When does MIH appear in females?
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After puberty
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| 23 |
What is critical in terms of differentiation between the sexes in reptiles?
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Temperature
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| 24 |
What types of chromosomes do birds have for males and females?
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Males: ZZFemales: WZBlueprint = automatically male for birds
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| 25 |
What is the blueprint for humans changed by?
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SRY and TDF
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| 26 |
T/F Hormones are asymmetric
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True
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| 27 |
What hormones do males need for masculinization?
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Androgens and estrogens
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| 28 |
T/F Estradiol has masculinizing effects
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True
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| 29 |
T/F Blocking aromatase blocks masculinization
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True since estradiol has masculinizing effects (exceptions though -like hyenas)
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| 30 |
How old are babies when they are capable of discriminating between the sexes?
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9m
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| 31 |
When is there a dramatic surge of hypothalamus hormones?
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Before and after puberty (6/7 for girls; 7/8 for boys)-Adrenals are also more acive in producing...
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| 32 |
What disease describes "when the perfect female is genetically male"?
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Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
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| 33 |
T/F Those with CAIS can still produce androgen
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True -they just don't respond to it
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| 34 |
T/F CAIS babies appear no different from unaffected infants in terms of birth weight
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True
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| 35 |
T/F CAIS infants' genitalia is completely female with no abnormalities at birth
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True
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| 36 |
T/F Those with CAIS respond to estrogen
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True
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| 37 |
What are physical indicators of CAIS in adolescence?
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Amenorrhea; no virilization (despite normal to high levels of testosterone); absence of post-pubertal...
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| 38 |
T/F Women with CAIS tend to be tall and experience normal feminization of secondary characteristics?
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True (also have good skin)
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| 39 |
What is the treatment for CAIS?
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-Removal of the testes after puberty/breast development occurs (or sooner if malignancies develop)-Also...
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