Flashcard Set Preview
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| 1 |
Why is contrast necessary?
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Tissues in the body attenuate x-ray beams at different degrees therefore to see tissues with...
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How can contrast change density or atomic no?
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1. decrease density of a hollow organ by filling it with gas/air.2. increase atomic no of a...
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What is negative contrast media?
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Negative contrast = gas or air, appears black on film, less x-ray absorption.
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What is positive contrast media?
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Positive contrast = iodine/barium based compounds, appear white on film, increased x-ray absorption....
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Ways of introducing negative contrast into GIT
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1. orally - calcium or magnesium citrate tabs (co2 foaming tabs), sucking air through holed...
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Ways of introducing positive contrast into GIT
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1. orally - swallow contrast solution2. rectally3.IV
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Ways of introducing positive contrast into HB
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1. orally 2. IV3. via catheter e.g. t-tube (inserted into bile duct to allow drainage of bile...
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| 8 |
2 types of oral contrast?
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1. Barium sulfate suspension2. Gastrograffin - needs to be diluted, water soluble, iodinated...
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What is oral contrast mainly used for?
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visulaisation of upper GIT e.g. oesophagus, stomach, small intestine
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Why is barium used?
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- Used for GIT imaging- better coating properties then iodine, forms thin layer over lining...
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When not to use barium?
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Any chance there is perforation along GIT as barium is toxic e.g. recent surgery , resection....
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When not to use Gastrograffin?
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Any risk of aspiration or if pt is sensitive to iodine high osmolar contrast as GG can induce...
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Types of Rectal Contrast?
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1. Air - inflate colon2. Ba - outline large intestine when looking for polyps, Ca, diverticula3....
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| 14 |
IV contrast
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Iodine based due to form soluble compounds and relatively low toxicity.
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Iodinated contrast classed as?
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Either 1. Low Osmolar contrast medium (LOCM) or2. High Osmolar Contrast Medium (HOCM).
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LOCM
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All non-ionic agents, some ionic agents, Decreased hypersensitivity reactions due to decreased...
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HOCM
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Most ionic agentsHOCM draws h2o into vascular system trying to equalize concentrations , increasing...
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HOCM reactions
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Sneezing, skin rashes, pharyngeal/cerebral/pulmonary oedema, broncospasm, fatal cadiovascular...
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GIT examinations using IV contrast?
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1. CT2. Angiography
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| 20 |
Contrast used in CT abdo imaging?
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often a combination of oral and IV, sometimes air to outline bowel
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Small Bowel CT:
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CT enterography - oral and IV contrastCT enteroclysis - naso-duodenal tube into small bowel...
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What is Angiography?
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investigation of blood vessels either viaArtery = arteriographyVein = Venography
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What is DSA?
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Digital Subtraction AngiographyElectronically subtracting images without contrast from images...
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| 24 |
Messenteric arteries?
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Arteries that run off the abdominal portion of the aorta and supplies blood to intestines.
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What can DSA show?
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- localized narrowing or obstruction of an artery- pathological circulation in a tumor can...
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Intervention techniques for GIT imaging?
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Angioplasty/ Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) = dilation of narrowed arteries. Ebolisation...
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| 27 |
Venogram?
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Contrast into the vein allows visualization of venous drainage of an organ or limb
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Sinogram?
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Inject contrast directly into a body cavity e.g. stoma to looks for blockages.
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| 29 |
Hepato-Biliary anatomy?
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Liver, Pancreas, Gallbladder, spleen and all the joining ducts.
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| 30 |
Hepato-Biliary imaging with contrast:
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1. CT HB = tumor detection or assess patency of hepatic artery - renally excreted contrast.2....
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| 31 |
Triple Phase liver CT?
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3 scans through HB region done to separate dual blood supply to liver = 1. Image liver without...
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| 32 |
Hepatic CTA?
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CT Aniography with selective vessel catherisation and CT to follow for hepatic artery and SMA...
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| 33 |
CT Cholangiogram?
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Uses biliscopin (ionic contrast), infused via drip and pt scaned 60-90mins post. Visualize...
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| 34 |
Types of HB intervention studies?
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1. PTC (percutaneous trans-hepatic cholangiography) injection of contrast through puncture...
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| 35 |
MRI Contrast:
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Not iodine based as in CT therefore tolerated well by pt's.MRI contrast mainly based on Gadolinium.
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MRI CIT and HB contrast exams:
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MRCP =magnetic resonance cholangio pancreatography, uses a pulse sequence to look at biliary...
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| 37 |
What is Cholelithiasis?
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Gallstones
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