Geology Test 1

115 cards

Old quizzes and notes put into notecards.

Created Sep 22, 2009
by ktarpey

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	Side A	Side B
1	While the reserves of the petroleum hydrocarbons within the United States are unlimited, other...	FALSE
2	Earth's lithosphere is combined of the crust and aneosphere.	FALSE
3	A transform plate boundary occurs when two plates converge.	FALSE
4	Rocks brought to the Earth's surface by internal processes and worn down and eroded by surfacial...	TRUE
5	The earth is about 4.56 billion years old.	TRUE
6	Minerals are defined as a family of naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline, structures...	TRUE
7	Graphite and diamonds are both made of silicon.	FALSE
8	A mineral specimen with a Moh's hardness of 5 can scratch a mineral specimen with a hardness...	TRUE
9	Mica has one direction of cleavage.	TRUE
10	Specific gravity is the ratio of a mass of substance to the mass of an equal volume of air.	FALSE
11	The ________ and Alpine Fault in New Zealand are examples of the transform plate boundaries.	San Andreas Fault of California
12	Earth's external heat engine is driven by __________.	Solar Power
13	Listed from Earth's center outward, the 3 concentric zones of the Earth are ______, _______,...	core, mantle, crust
14	The ________ collectively make the up the lithosphere.	The crust + the uppermost part of the mantle
15	Plate tectonics is a unifying idea that helps explain where and why there are _______ on Earth.	ALL-Earthquakes, volcanos, mountain belts, oceanic trenches- ridges
16	A ______ plate boundary involves 2 plates moving apart.	Divergent
17	The ______ of old seafloor takes place at convergent boundaries.	destruction
18	The atomic number equals the number of _____ in each atom.	Protons
19	The important mineral ______ reacts with weak hydrolic acid to produce carbon dioxide, i.e.,...	Calcide
20	A silica tetrahedron is composed of 4 atoms of the element _______ and one atom of _______.	oxygen, silicon
21	A pulverized mineral, gives a color called its ________, that is usually more reliable than...	Streak
22	_______ is either metallic or nonmetallic.	Luster
23	Calcite has _______ directions of cleavage.	3
24	________ elements make up 97-98% of Earth's crust.	8
25	The most common minerals in the Earth's crust are the _______.	Silicates
26	Lava is magma on the Earth's surface.	TRUE
27	The geothermal gradient is the rate at which pressure increases with increasing depth beneath...	FALSE
28	The sequence in which minerals crystallize in a cooling igneous melt is called Bowen's Reaction...	TRUE
29	An ultramafic rock is composed primarily of feldspar.	FALSE
30	The geothermal gradient for a volcanic region is greater than that for a continental interior.	TRUE
31	Silicic lavas, which are relatively high in a silica, tend to be more fluid than mafic magmas.	FALSE
32	Pillow structures, pillow-shaped rounded masses, form where lava is extruded under water.	TRUE
33	Earth is the only major body in the solar system in which there are active volcanoes.	FALSE
34	Were it not for volcanic activity, the island of Hawaii would not exist.	TRUE
35	Volcanic eruptions have no effect on climate.	FALSE
36	Igneous rocks may be _____ if they form on or near the Earth's surface and ________ if they...	Extrusive; Intrusive
37	A ______ is a tubular (thin by large area) intrusive rock body that is concordant (parallel...	Sill
38	Igneous rocks are silica-rich with high aluminium, sodium, and potassium are _____ rocks.	silicic
39	_____ is he predominant igneous rock of the continents.	Granite
40	Hawaii and ________ eruptions are related to interplate igneous activity,	Yellowstone
41	Most of the basalt and gabbro on the ocean floor is created at mid oceanic ridges, which are...	Divergent Plate Boundaries
42	Magma for most of the andesite composite volcanos observed along the west coast of America...	and oceanic plate subducted under the asthenosphere
43	Viscosity is a property of a fluid that relates to how easily the fluid flows. A material that...	Flows less easily
44	The last volcano to erupt in the continental 48 United States was _______.	Mt. St. Helens
45	The islands of the Hawaiian chain are an excellent example of a series of ______.	Shield Volcanoes
46	Because _______ magmas are the most viscous they are associated with the most violent eruptions.	Silica- Rich
47	A _______ volcano is composed of alternating layers of pyroclastic fragments and solidified...	Composite
48	A ______ is a volcanic depression much larger than the original crater, formed when the volcano...	Caldera
49	______ is a frothy volcanic glass with so much void space that it can actually float.	Pumice
50	The scientific study of the Earth.	Geology
51	Eath's 4 systems are ____, _____, _____, and _____.	Atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere
52	Atmosphere	gasses that envelope the Earth
53	Hydrosphere	Water on or near the Earth's surface
54	Biosphere	Living or once-living things
55	Geosphere	Solid rocky Earth
56	Continental Crust	Thick and less dense
57	Oceanic Crust	Thinner and more dense
58	What are Earth's 2 heat engines?	External and internal
59	External heat engine	Energy from the sun
60	Internal Heat Engine	heat moving from hot interior to the cool exterior
61	Describe the crust	The outermost part of the earth3-70 km thickRelatively thin
62	Describe the mantle	-2900 km think- hot slowly moving magma
63	Describe the core	(3400 km radius)Has an inner and outer core
64	What are the 2 mechanical layers?	Lithosphere Asthenosphere
65	Lithosphere	Liquid brittle shell of the Earth
66	asthenosphere	A region of the earth's outer shell beneath the lithosphere
67	Continental Drift Hypothesis	Early 20th centuryAlfred Werger"fit of continents" explained misplaced rocks
68	Plate Tectonics Theory	1960sThe lithosphere is broken into plates that are in motion
69	Divergent boundaries	Plates move apart -magma rises, cools and forms new lithosphere
70	Transform boundaries	Plates slide past one another -form mountain belts and volcanos
71	Convergent Boundaries	Plates that move toward each other
72	Element	each species of an atom
73	Atom	The smallest electrically neutral pieces of energy and matter that we know about
74	Molecule	2 or more atoms, the smallest possible unit of a substance
75	Isotopes	Different numbers of neutrons and the same number of neutrons(Same t-shirt in a different color)
76	Unstable isotopes	Radioactive
77	Chemical Bonding	linking atoms to form minerals
78	Ions	Charged atoms
79	Ionic Bonding	+ and - charged attraction
80	Covalent Bonding	Adjacent atoms share electrons- nothing moves around
81	Metallic Bonding	Shared atoms are moving so it is conducting electricity
82	Minerals that have crystalline structures	Tetrahedreal Structure
83	Striations	Straight lines on flat surfaces of the cleavage due to a new crystalline structure
84	What is the definition of a rock?	Naturally formed, consolidated mineral usually composed of grains or one or more minerals.
85	Magma	Molten rock within the Earth
86	Lava	Molten rock on the earth's surface
87	Igneous Rock	Intrusive or extrusive rock that is cooled
88	Sedimentary Rock	Consolidated debris of eroded rock or precipitates
89	Metamorphic Rock	Heat and pressure changes pre-existing rock
90	How is magma created?	Rock melting above a subduction done
91	The term "mechanical weathering" refers to changes in a rock that are physical; there is no...	TRUE
92	The reduction of pressure on a body of rock can cause it to crack as it expands.	TRUE
93	Plant growth, such as roots growing in cracks, has little effect on mechanical weathering.	FALSE
94	Oxygen is abundant in the atmosphere but it does not combine with the minerals of the earth's...	FLASE
95	Ordinary rain is a basic (as opposed to acidic) solution.	FALSE
96	Sediments are unconsolidated, which means the grains are separate and unattached to one another.	TRUE
97	Detrital sedimentary rocks form from cemented sedimentary rock that are fragments of a preexisting...	TRUE
98	Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed mostly of the mineral calcite.	TRUE
99	Chalk is not a sedimentary rock.	FALSE
100	Mud cracks form when mud is deposited on the sea floor.	FALSE
101	____ refers to the group of destructive processes that change the physical and chemical character...	weathering
102	Frost wedging is most effective _______.	In regions with many days of freezing and thawing
103	The removal of a great weight of rock above a batholith by erosion allows the granite to expand...	Sheet joints
104	The most important natural source for the formation of acid for rock weathering at the earth's...	carbon dioxide
105	When fossil fuels are burned _______, enter the atmosphere to form acid rain.	Nitric and sulfuric acid
106	_________ are the most common materials precipitated as cement, which binds loose particles...	Calcite and silica
107	_______ is wind transported and deposited sediment.	Loess
108	In order of decreasing size (largest listed first), sedimentary grain sizes include ________.	Gravel, sand, silt , clay
109	_______ is the process by which sediment grains are selected and separated according to grain...	sorting
110	A sedimentary rock that consists of sediment grains bound by cement into a rigid framework...	clastic
111	_____ is a layer of sedimentary rock with a vertical change in particle size, usually from...	Graded Bed
112	_____ sediments are deposited or precipitated as a result of the actions of organisms.	Biochemical
113	Rock salt is composed of the mineral _________.	Halite
114	A _______ bed may develop during deposition form tubidity currents on deep-sea floor.	Graded
115	A ______ is a body of sediment deposited when a river flows into standing water, like a lake...	Delta