Flashcard Set Preview
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| 1 |
minerals
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chemical compounds that form through natural processes and have orderly atomic arrangements...
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| 2 |
major elements in the crust
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oxygen, silicon, aluminum, sodium, potassium, magnesium, iron, calcium
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| 3 |
rocks high in Si are also high in______
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alkalis (Na and K)
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| 4 |
four factors that determine chemical composition
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degree of melting (partial or whole), what part of the earth is melting, the pressure present,...
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| 5 |
viscosity
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the resistance to flow, determined by chemical composition (more Si- more tetrahedral- slower)...
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| 6 |
strato volcanoes
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steep slope, andesitic magma, very explosive and viscous, pyroclastic debris
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| 7 |
shield volcanoes
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small slope, basaltic magma, not very explosive or viscous, lava flow
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| 8 |
volcanoes differ in....
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slope, chemical composition of magma, temperature of magma, eruption style
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| 9 |
concordant
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horizontal- sill- laccolith
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discordant
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vertical- dike- batholith
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| 11 |
phaneritic
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large grains- cooled slowly
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| 12 |
aphanitic
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small grains cooled fast
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| 13 |
porphyritic
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large phenocrysts in a groundmass of small grains.. cooled slowly then sped up
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| 14 |
glassy
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no minerals cooled to fast
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| 15 |
vesicular
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pores, cooled fast, bubbles got trapped
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| 16 |
forms of chemical weathering
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dissolution, hydration, oxidation, carbonation
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| 17 |
forms of phyiscal weathering
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sheet joints, frost wedging
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| 18 |
dissolution
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dissolving a mineral in water
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| 19 |
products of weathering
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dissolved ions, new minerals, and minerals resistant to weathering
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| 20 |
carbonation or hydration
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mineral combining with carbonic acid or water forming a new mineral
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| 21 |
oxidation
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increase in valence state
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| 22 |
permeability
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ability to have water go through the material
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| 23 |
porosity
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pore space in the ground that water can go through
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| 24 |
velocity depends on...
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slope of the water table, permeability of the material
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| 25 |
darcy's law
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the hydralic head of a drop of water is equal to the elevation of the drop plus the water pressure...
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| 26 |
aquifer
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rock that is permeable and saturated (sandstone,conglomerate, fractured rocks, sand and gravel)
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| 27 |
bad aquifers
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shale, gneiss, schist
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| 28 |
bioremediation
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the removing of pesticides by putting bugs in the earth that eat it
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| 29 |
geothermal energy
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source of direct heat if available in area
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| 30 |
glaciers need ____ and ____ to form
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precipitation and cold temperatures
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| 31 |
valley glaciers
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formed on mountains
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| 32 |
ice sheets
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formed on the poles
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| 33 |
what percentage of the earth is covered in ice?
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10%
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| 34 |
percentages of where ice is on earth
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85% antartic, 10% Greenland, 5% everywhere else
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| 35 |
plucking
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pieces of frozen rock broken loose and frozen into base of glacier
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| 36 |
abrasion
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base of glacier slides over bedrock, and the embedded pieces of rock grind against the bedrock
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| 37 |
results from glacical erosion
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polished surfaces, striations and grooves, rock flour
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| 38 |
hanging valleys
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valleys filled with ice
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| 39 |
drift
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materials deposited by glaciers
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| 40 |
till
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material deposited by glacier ice
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| 41 |
outwash
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materials deposited by glacier melt
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| 42 |
moraine
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any kind of land form that comes in contact with glacial ice
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| 43 |
erratics
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boulders deposited by glaciers
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| 44 |
drumlins
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upside down spoon mountains
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| 45 |
kettles
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lakes formed by glaciers
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| 46 |
cause of glacial ages
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variations in earth's orbit, as it effects distance from the sun, and inclination to the sun...
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| 47 |
clastic sediments
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resistant/ new minerals that have been transported and deposited by water, wind or ice
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| 48 |
lithification
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conversion of loose unconsolidated sediments into solid sedimentary rocks by compaction or...
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| 49 |
compaction
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squeezed together and push out water
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| 50 |
cementation
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pore spaces are filled with chemical precipitates that bind sediments together
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| 51 |
primary sedimentary features
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bedding, ripple marks, cross bedding
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| 52 |
metamorphism
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forms in solid state, chemical composition not changed.
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| 53 |
rocks can change in 2 ways....
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texture change and minerals change
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| 54 |
kinds of foliation
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schistosity, lineation, banding
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| 55 |
types of metamorphism
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contact, regional metamorphism
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| 56 |
source of heat
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decay of radioactive isotopes, heat of the earth
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| 57 |
beta decay
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gain a proton, loose neutron
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| 58 |
electron capture
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gain a neutron, loose a proton
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| 59 |
alpha decay
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loose 2 neutrons and 2 protons
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| 60 |
epicenter of earthquake
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the point on the earth's surface where the earthquake originates
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| 61 |
focus of an earthquake
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point below surface where it originated
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| 62 |
magnitude
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how strong the earthquake is
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| 63 |
p waves
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primary waves, 1st to arrive, go through any substance
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| 64 |
s waves
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secondary, only goes through solids, 2nd
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| 65 |
tsunami develops when...
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faulting affects the ocean floor. this generates waves in the open ocean that have long wavelengths...
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| 66 |
liquefaction
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when water-saturated sediment is shaken by an earthquake it can behave as a liquid
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| 67 |
NaCl vs CaCo3 in ocean
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NaCl is not near the saturation point in open ocean whereas CaCO3 is
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| 68 |
recrystallization
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enlargement of mineral grains, associated with metamorphism
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| 69 |
evidence of plate tectonics
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geometric fit of coastlines, stratographic (list of sedimentary rocks over time) evidence,...
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| 70 |
plate boundaries
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transform fault, divergent, convergent
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| 71 |
divergent oceanic-oceanic
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seafloor spreading, normal fault, tension, shallow focus earthquakes, basalt
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| 72 |
compression
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pushed together
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| 73 |
tension
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pulled apart
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| 74 |
shear stress
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pushed but not centered
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| 75 |
strike
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the direction the bed is trending
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| 76 |
dip
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how far it's tilted
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| 77 |
mass wasting
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the movement of materials down a slope without the help of any other transportation agent
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| 78 |
regolith
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unconsolidated soil and rock debris
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| 79 |
bedrock
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more coherent than regolith, but bedding an fractures are present
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| 80 |
forces to overcome in mass wasting
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frictional forces, cohesion of materials, shallow slope
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| 81 |
flow
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liquid moving like a liquid but not a coherent mass, creep very slow
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| 82 |
slide
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descending mass remains coherent unit
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| 83 |
fall
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landslides, very fast
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| 84 |
rockfall
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vertical movement could be caused by waves or frost wedging
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| 85 |
drainage divides
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high areas that seperate drainage basins
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| 86 |
discharge
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width x depth x velocity
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| 87 |
bars
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sedimentary landforms in streams formed from sediment deposited by decreased discharge of velocity,...
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| 88 |
meandering stream
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narrow and deeper channels, carry all sediment
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| 89 |
drainage patterns
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dendritic, radial, trellis
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| 90 |
incised meanders
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cut down from stream, steep walls
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| 91 |
alluvial fans
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large fan-shaped pile of sediment formed where stream velocity decreases as it emerges from...
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| 92 |
water gaps
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cut through ridges
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| 93 |
flood plain
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the stream approaches the flood stage, it flows a relatively high velocity in attempting to...
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| 94 |
base level
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at sea level. the elevation to which any stream is able to erode.
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