General and Organic Chemistry - Chapter 5 - Solutions and Colloids

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What is a solvent?
The fraction of a solution in which the other components (solute) are dissolved
What is a solute?
A substance that is dissolved in a solvent to produce a solution
What are the characteristics of solutions?
1. The distribution of particles in a solution is uniform
2. The components of a solution do not seperate on standing
3. The components of a solution cannot be seperated by filtration
4. For many solvent/solute combinations, it is possile to make solutions of many different compositions
5. Solutions are transparent
6. Solutions can be separated into pure components; the separation is a physical change, not a chemical change
What is solubility?
The maximum amount of a solutee that dissolves in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature.
* solubility is a physcial constant
* each solid has a different solubility in every liquid
- those with low solubility are said to be insoluble
- those with higher solubility are said to be soluble
- some liquids are insoluble in each other, as for example gasoline in water (polar / non polar)
- Other liquids have limited solubility in each other, as for example, ether in water (6g/100g H2O).
- Still other liquids are sompletely soluble in each other, as for example, ethanol and water
What is a saturated solution?
A solution that contains the maximum amount of a solute that can be dissolved at equilibrium at a given temperature.
What is an unsaturated solution?
A solution that contains less than the maximum amount of a solute that can be dissolved at a given temperature
What is a supersaturated solution?
A solution that contains more than the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved under equilibrium conditions at a given temperature; when this solution is disturbed in any way, the excess solute separates and the equilibrium solubility is restored.
What are the factors that effect solubility?
Nature of the solvent and solute
Temperature
Pressure
How does nature of the solvent and solute effect solubility?
The more similar two compounds are, the more likely it is that one is soluble in the other
Polar compounds dissolve in polar solutions
Non polar compounds dissolve in non polar solutions
How does temperature effect solubility?
The solubility of solids in liquids generaly increases as temperature increases
The solubility of gases in liquids almost always decreases as temperature increases
How does pressure effect solubility?
Pressure has little effect on the solubility of liquids or solids in each other
The solubility of a gas in a liquid increases as pressure increases, as for example the solubility of CO2 in carbonated beverages.
What are the different percent compositions?
(w/v) weight of solute per volume of solution: (according to slide 9 - chapter 5 it is in 100mL)
(w/w) weight of solute per weight of solution:
(v/v) volume of solute per volume of solution:
What is molarity?
Moles of solutie per litre of solution
Work out these equations
http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistry-test-questions/tp/Concentration-And-Molarity-Test-Questions.htm
Http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistry-test-questions/tp/Concentration-And-Molarity-Test-Questions.htm
What is parts per million / billion?
For very dilute solutions, we someimes express concentration is parts per million (ppm), or even parts per billion (ppb)
Part per million
* may be either w/w, w/v, or v/v; which every quantites are sed, the units in which each is reported must be the same
Parts per billion are calculated in the same way.