Flashcard Set Preview
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| 1 |
What is Fick's Law?
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Diffusion Rate is directly proportional to Surface Area, Concentration Gradient and Membrane...
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| 2 |
What is the most important factor in Fick's Law?
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Concentration Gradient
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| 3 |
The solubility of gases from air into liquid is directly proportional to:
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1. Concentration Gradient2. Permeability3. Temperature (pretty constant)
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| 4 |
O2 Diffusion in lungs vs. tissues...
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Lungs= 100 mmHgTissues= 40 mmHg
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| 5 |
CO2 diffusion tissues to lungs
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peripheral tissues = 46 mmHglungs = 40 mmHg
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| 6 |
If diffusion of gases between alveoli and blood is impaired, what results?
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Hypoxia (not enough O2 in blood/tissues)
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| 7 |
Hypoxia goes hand in hand with what condition?
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Hypercapnia (excessive CO2)
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| 8 |
What is "reduced blood flow" causes by a MI or heart failure?
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Ischemic Hypoxia
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| 9 |
What are 2 causes of Low Alveolar PO2?
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1. Altitude (inspired air has abnormally low O2 content2. Alveolar Ventilation...
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| 10 |
What are some pathological conditions that reduce Alveolar Ventilation and Gas Exchange?
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1. Fibrotic lung disease2. Emphysema3. Pulmonary Edema4. Asthma
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| 11 |
How is O2 transported in the blood?
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dissolved in plasma about 2%bound to Hb > 98%
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| 12 |
Destruction of alveoli reduces surface area for gas exchange is what pathological condition?
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Emphysema
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| 13 |
Fluid in interstitial space increases diffusion distance is a condition called...
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Pulmonary edema
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| 14 |
increases airway resistance decreases airway ventilation...is what condition?
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Asthma
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| 15 |
Thickened alveolar membrane slows gas exchange; loss of lung compliance may decreases alveolar...
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Fibrotic Lung Disease
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| 16 |
Hypoventilation is also known as...
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Low alveolar ventilation
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| 17 |
The main factor that affects the oxygen content of inspired air is...
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altitute
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| 18 |
Low hemoglobin levels indicates...
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anemia
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| 19 |
RBCs with Hb are carrying______ of their maximum load of O2?
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98%
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| 20 |
Describe the Hb molecule?
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Hb carries 4 O2 molecules (4 heme groups) 2 alpha chains, 2 beta chains
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| 21 |
Describe the Oxygen-Hb Dissociation Curve
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Lungs are about 98% O2 saturation of HbResting cell "tissues" about 70% saturated
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| 22 |
What determines the amount of oxygen that binds to Hb?
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Plasma PO2
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| 23 |
What is the normal partial pressure of a resting cell?
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40mmHg
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| 24 |
What is the main stimulus for breathing?
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CO2
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| 25 |
Increased temperature ___________ CO2, or decreased pH will _________ the affinity of Hb for...
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increaseddecreaseright
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| 26 |
elevated CO2 causes the pH disturbance known as...
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acidosis
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| 27 |
about 70% of the CO2 that enters the blood is transported to the lungs as _____________
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bicarbonate ions
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| 28 |
How is carbon dioxide transported?
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93% diffuses into RBC's7% carried/dissolved in venous blood
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| 29 |
______________ chemoreceptors respond only to dramatic changes in arterial PO2
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Peripheral
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| 30 |
Central Chemoreceptors respond to pH changes in ________, set ________ pace, and monitor __________
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Cerobrospinal fluid in brainrespiratory paceCO2
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| 31 |
What are the 4 primary functions of the respiratory system?
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exhange gaseshomeostatic regulation of acids and basesprotection from pathogens, etcvocalization
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| 32 |
What are the muscles of inspiration?
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diaphragm & external intercostals
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| 33 |
What are the muscles of expiration?
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Abdominal muscles & Interal intercostals
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| 34 |
What are the functional units of the lungs?
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alveoli
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| 35 |
The movement of gases between the environment and the body's cells is__________
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external respiration
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| 36 |
___________ produces ATP from glucose together with oxygen?
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Internal Respiration
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| 37 |
What is the main muscle of ventilation?
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Diaphragm
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| 38 |
What is the function of the pleural fluid?
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creates a moist, slippery surface so that the opposing membranes can slide across one another...
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| 39 |
__________ ______ prevents collapse of traches
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cartilage ring
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| 40 |
What are the 2 types of alveolar cells?
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Type I alveolar cells - gas exchangeType II cells - secrete surfactant and transports solutes...
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| 41 |
The total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures of the individual gases...
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Dalton's Law
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| 42 |
PV= constant; if the volume of a container of gas changes, the pressure of the gas will change...
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Boyle's Law
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| 43 |
What measures lung volume, changes in a diseased state
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Spirometer
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| 44 |
Lung volumes:Tidal volumeIRVERVRV
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500ml3000ml1100ml1200ml
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| 45 |
Total Lung Capacity
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tidal volume + IRV+ ERV+ RV
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| 46 |
Vital capacity
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tidal volume + IRV+ ERV
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| 47 |
What is ERV + RV
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Functional Residual Capacity
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| 48 |
Gas and its percentage in Air
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N - 79%O2 - 21%CO2 - 0.033%
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| 49 |
What are 3 conditions of the upper airways & bronchi?
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warm airhumidify 100%filter foreign material
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| 50 |
Air Flow:directly proportional to ________inversely proportional to ____________
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pressureresistance
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| 51 |
Inspiration =
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alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure
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| 52 |
Expiration =
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alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure
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| 53 |
When the Diaphragm contracts, ________ volume increases, thoracic pressure _________, and alveolar...
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thoracicdecreasesdecreases
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| 54 |
What is the movement of the rib cage during inspiration?
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moves up and outward
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| 55 |
diaphragm relaxes, thoracic volume __________
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decreases
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| 56 |
Lung inhibits 2 qualities
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Compliance & Elastance
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| 57 |
________ reduces surface tension, allowing small and large bubbles to be inflated equally
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Surfactant "surface active agents"
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| 58 |
Ventilation rate X Tidal volume =
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Total Pulmonary Ventilation
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| 59 |
The volume of air moved into and out of the lungs each minute is also known as minute volume
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Total Pulmonary Ventilation
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| 60 |
Ventilation Rate X (tidal volume - dead space volume) =
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Alveolar ventilation
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| 61 |
The amount of fresh air that reaches the alveoli each minute is called...
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Alveolar ventilation or Total alveolar ventilation
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