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Neuro-linguistic programming
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At Cause Operating
from an internal locus of Control; NLP states that no two people will ever
perceive the world in the same way, perception is projection, and we need to
assist them to put themselves at cause. (It encompasses the three most influential components involved in producing
human experience: neurology, language and programming. The neurological
system regulates how our bodies function, language determines how we
interface and communicate with other people and our programming
determines the kinds of models of the world we create. Neuro-Linguistic
Programming describes the fundamental dynamics between mind (neuro) and
language (linguistic) and how their interplay effects our body and
behavior (programming).)
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Representational
System
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Representational system defines the process of taking in
internal and external information (pictures, sounds, feelings) as a way of
“representing” and defining the world.
In NLP, these representational systems are often referred to as primary
modalities. For example, people who
rely on visual modality may run a movie in their head when they try to process
information, an auditory individual may replay information like a tape
recorder, and a kinesthetic individual may attach a body sensation to a
particular experience. When people
process external stimuli, they may use several different representational
systems to obtain internal recognition; the favored system is the “lead system.” When accessing
information, a person may begin with the visual, auditory, or kinesthetic representational
system.
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NLP Theory on
Resistance
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Resistance is not a client problem; it is a counselor
problem. Not all individuals communicate or learn in the same manner, so the
counselor has to determine the clients modality and find and intervention the
client can process.
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Modality
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Refers to one of the five senses; each of the modalities also have subsets,
such as with auditory, which includes tone, pitch, rate, volume. NLP studies the Audio, Visual, and Kinesthetic modalities. People usually develop one of the three as
their primary way of communicating, learning, and processing the external
world, though it is important to remember that we use all three systems on some
level. Everyone has the capacity to learn
how to improve and develop under-utilized systems, though it rare for anyone
not trained or educated to use all three primary systems equally.
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Primary modality:
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The senses clients use to take in and process internal and external information
as a way of “representing” and defining the world, i.e., the systems we use to
experience our internal and external environments. The primary modalities are visual, auditory, and
kinesthetic. Most people have a main
modality, but any information can be processed by any individual using any one
of the modalities. NLP does not use the
olfactory or gustatory modalities, and says we do not really use them to
process information, though they may be used in anchoring.
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Pacing and leading:
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Tools used by NLP counselor to duplicate a client’s behavior,
working at unconscious level of awareness.
Help to manage client’s behavior and interpretations of external
stimuli. For example, the counselor may
adopt a new posture or modulate her voice’s pitch or speed to calm a
client. Pacing and leading are matching
techniques.
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7 NLP Techniques:
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1. Observing visual accessing cues
(nonverbal communications) to formulate a hypothesis about how a client
processes information and which representational system (modality) and lead
system (primary modality) are preferred by client. After asking a question, counselor focuses on what a client does,
not what she says.
2. Matching verbal and nonverbal behaviors using calibration, a
process in which the counselor uses all three sensory modalities to be aware of
external shifts in the client (postures, facial expressions, breathing rate,
skin color, voice pitch and modulation).
Calibration allows counselor to be in tune with internal changes in
client’s and to predict the lead system the client is going to use and the
behavior that will follow. The
counselor then may physically match or mirror the client’s behavior.
3. Anchoring:
the counselor intentionally sets up an external stimulus (such as a gesture),
which will be paired with an internal response on the part of the client. Similar to calibrating. Any of the representational systems can be
used. For example, the counselor may
ask the client to go to a “safe spot” in her memory in order relax her sufficiently
before addressing a concern. Anchors
are easier to establish in the client’s primary modality.
4. Imprinting
(AKA “cybernetic mechanism”): once the counselor has a clear understanding of
the client’s self desires, she may implant a goal in the client’s mind at an
unconscious level of awareness. Example
in book is suggesting that a client clearly picture herself having a happy life
ten times a day.
5. Reframing: Client learns to recognize
negative thoughts and statements and replace them with positive ones. Works on same premise as anchoring.
6. Dilt’s formula for change: Present
State + Resources = Desired State. Once
the counselor has helped the client self-evaluate the present state and
formulate a desired outcome, the client and counselor work together to explore
client’s strengths and resources and what must be learned to achieve desired
emotional state. Also explores limiting beliefs that may hinder client’s
progress (“interferences”). Question:
“What will you have to give up to achieve the desired state?” (Secondary gains are benefits clients get
from undesirable behaviors). Client is
“at cause,” i.e., the only one who can make the choice to stop interfering
behaviors. 7. Conscious/Unconscious: People’s perception of the world is what
they believe is happening at any one time at a conscious level, filtered
through unique sensory systems. No two
people perceive the world in the same way.
Information about the world (all external events) are first processed in
the brain at an unconscious level, then internalized at a conscious level. NLP aims to help clients process and adjust
their interpretations of the external world.
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Reality therapy
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Developed by the psychiatrist Dr. William Glasser in 1965. Reality therapy is based on choice theory (originally called control theory), widely applied in education.
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Reality Therapy says: people have certain basic needs and, indeed, there is
broad agreement on what these needs are.
In Reality Therapy they are classified under five headings:
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One of the core principles of Reality Therapy is that, whether we are aware of it or not, we are all the time acting to meet these needs. |
Reality Therapy TECHNIQUES:
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a. Need-fulfilling
b. Simplec. Realistic and attainabled. Activee. Specificf. Repetitiveg. Immediateh. Process-centered
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PARADOX GUIDELINES
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Paradox is a
technique that may be sued in conjunction with the other techniques of reality
therapy, but must be used carefully and cautiously. Paradox statements should never be used with:
Sociopathic clients
Paranoid clients
With clients who exhibit destructive
behaviors
During acute crisis
With families who exhibit high
levels of chaos and dysfunction
(Not mentioned in book, but don’t use paradox with substance
abusers, many of whom suffer from anti-social disorders)
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REALITY THERAPY VS.
CLIENT-CENTERED:
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Reality therapy is more directive; the therapist
guides the conversation, tries to bring it back to the issue at hand and
possible actions the client can take.
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REALITY THERAPY VS.
ADLERIAN THERAPY:
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Adlerian therapy is concerned with
the family structure and the individual’s place in it, and asks how the client
is shaped by heredity and environment.
Reality therapy is more
present-oriented, and asks how the client can fulfill the five needs (defined
by Glasser) without infringing on the needs/wants of others.
Adler focuses on the client in
relation to the family.
Reality Therapy focuses on the client.
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