Flashcard Set Preview
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| 1 |
Cerebellum
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balance and posture; sensorimotor learning and some other aspects of cognitive functioning
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Cerebellum in conjunction with basal ganglia and motor cortex
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vital to performance of coordinated and refined motor movements
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Smaller-than-normal cerebellum
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linked to Autism
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Damage to cerebellum
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Ataxia (slurred speech, severe tremors, loss of balance)
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Reticular Formation
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respiration, coughing, vomiting, posture, locomotion, REM sleep
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Reticular Activating System (RAS)
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part of reticular formation; consciousness, arousal, wakefulness; screens sensory input (esp....
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Damage to Reticular Formation
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disruption of sleep-wake cycle, can produce coma-like state of sleep
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Forebrain
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subcortical and cortical structures
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Name subcortical structures
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thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system
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Thalamus
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"relay station," transmits incoming sensory information to the appropriate areas of the cortex...
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Korsakoff Syndrome
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thalamus, mammillary bodies of hypothalamus; thiamine deficiency, usually from alcoholism;...
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hypothalamus
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hunger, thirst, sex, sleep, body temp, movement, emotional reactions, initiates responses needed...
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Damage to hypothalamus
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uncontrollable laughter, intense rage, aggression
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Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
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located in hypothalamus; mediates sleep-wake cycle and other circadian rhythms; maybe involved...
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Structures of basal ganglia
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caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra
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Basal Ganglia
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planning, organizing, coordinating voluntary movement, regulating amplitude and direction of...
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Disorders with motor symptoms that are associated with basal ganglia
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Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Tourette's syndrome
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Other basal ganglia-related disorders
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mania, depression, ocd, psychosis
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| 19 |
Limbic system
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primarily associated with the mediation of emotion
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Parts of the limbic system
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Amygdala, Hippocampus
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Amgdala functions
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integrates, coordinates, directs motivational and emotional activities, attaches emotions to...
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Kluver-Bucy syndrome
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lesions in the amygdala and temporal lobes in primates caused: reduced fear and aggression,...
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Hippocampus functions
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learning and memory (less implicated in emotions than other limbic structures); processes spatial,...
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Damage to hippocampus in conjunction with removal of temporal lobes
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anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia (for events up to 3 years before surgery)
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List lobes that make up each hemisphere of the Cerebral Cortex (cortical structures)
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Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital
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Name areas of frontal lobe
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motor, premotor, prefrontal
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Primary motor cortex functions
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control of voluntary movements
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Damage to primary motor cortex
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loss of reflexes and flaccid hemiplegia (loss of muscle tone) in areas of body contralateral...
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Premotor cortex functions
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contains Broca's area (usually on left side); speech production
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Damage to Broca's area
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Broca's (expressive) aphasia; difficulties in producing spoken and written language
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Prefrontal cortex functions
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emotion, memory, self-awareness, executive (higher-level cognitive) functions
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Name 2 types of personality change associated with damage to prefrontal cortex
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Pseudodepression, Pseudopsychopathy
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Symptoms of pseudodepression
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apathy, lethargy, narrowing of interests, reduced emotional reactions, reduced interest in...
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Symptoms of pseudopsychopathy
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loss of social tact, lack of empathy, impulsivity, sexual disinhibition, inappropriate jocularity
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Cognitive deficits related to damage to prefrontal cortex
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problems with abstract thinking, planning ability, decision-making; perseveration, inability...
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Hypofrontality (reduced metabolism in the prefrontal cortex)
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linked to Schizophrenia, ADHD, normal age-related cognitive declines
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Parietal lobe contains the...
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somatosensory cortex
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Functions of somatosensory cortex
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governs pressure, temp, pain, proprioception, and gustation
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Damage to parietal lobe
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disturbances in spatial orientation, apraxia, somatosensory agnosia
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Define apraxia
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inability to perform skilled motor movements in the absence of impaired motor functioning
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Define somatosensory agnosia
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Inability to recognize familiar objects with use of the senses
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Define tactile agnosia
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inability to recognize familiar objects by touch
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Define asomatognosia
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failure to recognize parts of one's own body
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| 44 |
Define anosognosia
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inability to recognize one's own neurological symptoms or other disorder
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Damage specifically to the right parietal lobe
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contralateral neglect
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| 46 |
Define contralateral neglect
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loss of knowledge about or interest in the left side of the body
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Damage specifically to the left parietal lobe
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ideational apraxia, ideomotor apraxia, Gertsmann syndrome
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Define ideational apraxia
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inability to carry out a sequence of actions
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Define ideomotor apraxia
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inability to carry out a simple action in response to a command
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Gertsmann syndrome
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finger agnosia, right-left confusion, agraphia, acalculia
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Temporal lobe contains the...
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auditory cortex
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Functions of auditory cortex
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mediates auditory sensation and perception
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Damage to the auditory cortex
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auditory agnosia, auditory hallucinations, other disturbances in auditory sensation and perception
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Location of Wernicke's area
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located in left temporal lobe
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Functions performed in Wernicke's area
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receptive; involved in comprehension of language
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Damage to Wernicke's area
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Wernicke's (receptive) aphasia, characterized by severed deficits in language comprehension...
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Function of areas of temporal lobe (other than Wernicke's area)
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mediate encoding, retrieval, and storage of long-term declarative memories
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Electrical stimulation of areas in temporal lobe
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complex, vivid memories that had been previously forgotten
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Damage to areas of temporal lobe
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retrograde and anterograde amnesia
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| 60 |
The occipital lobe contains the...
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visual cortex
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Functions of visual cortex
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visual perception, recognition, and memory
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Damage to occipital lobes
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visual agnosia, visual hallucinations, cortical blindness, simultanagnosia
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Damage to occipital lobe at junction with occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes
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prosopagnosia
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Define visual agnosia
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inability to recognize familiar objects
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| 65 |
Define simultanagnosia
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inability to see more than one thing or one aspect of an object at a time
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| 66 |
Define prosopagnosia
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inability to recognize familiar faces
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| 67 |
Name the structures of the hindbrain
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brain stem (medulla and pons), cerebellum
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| 68 |
Function of the medulla
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influences flow of information between the spinal cord and the brain, coordinates swallowing,...
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Damage to medulla
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usually fatal
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Function of the pons
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connects two halves of cerebellum and plays a role in the integration of movements in the right...
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