Flashcard Set Preview
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| 1 |
What are the 5 major nutrients?
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Carbs, lipids, proteins, minerals, vitamins
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| 2 |
Primary sources of energy? (In order)
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Carbs, lipids, proteins
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| 3 |
Calorie vs. calorie?
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Calorie - 1000 calories
calorie - amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1...
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| 4 |
What does the average human body need per day of calories?
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1550
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| 5 |
What are fats made up of?
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long chain of glycerol and fatty acids
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| 6 |
What are phospholipids used for?
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cell membranes
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| 7 |
Where is cholestrol used?
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cell membranes, hormones, bile
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| 8 |
What happens to excess protein?
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Excreted out
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| 9 |
What is kwashiorkor?
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a complication with protein deficiency
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| 10 |
How many essential amino acids are there?
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20
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| 11 |
What do carbohydrates do?
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Store glucose as glycogen in liver and muscles
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| 12 |
How many hours can we store glycogen?
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4
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| 13 |
What 3 roles do minerals serve?
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1. structure
2. normal heart rhythm, muscle contractions, neural conduct, acid-base balance
3....
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| 14 |
Where are minerals obtained?
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In diet
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| 15 |
What happens to excess minerals?
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They are toxic
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| 16 |
What are some of the major minerals?
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calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, sodium, potassium
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| 17 |
What are some of the trace minerals?
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zinc, copper, seunium, iron
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| 18 |
What are vitamins?
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organic compounds
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| 19 |
Which vitamins are water soluble?
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B (compex - 8) and C
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| 20 |
Which vitamins are fat soluble?
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A, D, E, K
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| 21 |
What is vitamin A used for?
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Retina
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| 22 |
What is vitamin K used for?
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blood clotting
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| 23 |
What is vitamin D used for?
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bone formation/strength
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| 24 |
What is vitamin E used for?
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It is an antioxidant
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| 25 |
What are good sources of vitamin e?
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vegetable oils and nuts
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| 26 |
what are good sources of vitamin D?
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for calcium to solidify, egg yolks and fish oil
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| 27 |
What are good sources off fat soluble vitamins?
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deepgreen leafy vegetables
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| 28 |
What are some of the names of water soluble vitamins?
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thiamin, riboflavin, folic acid, vitamin b12, biotin, niacin, pantothenic acid
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| 29 |
What is digestion?
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physically grinding up and then chemically breaking down food
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| 30 |
What are the 5 components of digestion?
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1. ingestion
2. mechanical breakdown
3. chemical breakdown
4. absporption
5. elimination
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| 31 |
Most animals have a ___ -way digestive system.
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one
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| 32 |
What do humans have that helps them with digestion?
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A tubular digestive tract
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| 33 |
What is the mouth used for?
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mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
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| 34 |
How many teeth does the regular human have?
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32
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| 35 |
What does the first phase of digestion begin with?
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saliva carries amylase enzyme that breaks down the chemicals
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| 36 |
What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands?
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1. parotid gland
2. submandible gland
3. sublingual gland
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| 37 |
Which enzyme begins digestion?
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Amylase
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| 38 |
What is the pharynx?
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The muscular cavity connecting mouth with esophagus
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| 39 |
What happens during the swallowing reflex?
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Elevates larynx, moves to epiglottis
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| 40 |
What is the swallowing reflex under?
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skeletal and smooth muscle control
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| 41 |
How does the muscular tube get food to stomach?
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peristalsis
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| 42 |
What does peristalsis do?
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Keeps things moving
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| 43 |
How much can the stomach hold?
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Up to 1 gallon of food
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| 44 |
What are the three functions of the stomach?
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1. store and release food
2. mechanical breakdown of food
3. chemical breakdown of food
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| 45 |
What happens during the chemical breakdown of food?
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hydrochloric acid and pepsin are stored as pepsinogen
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| 46 |
What kind of pH does the stomach have?
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Low (acidic)
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| 47 |
What is the purpose of the low pH in the stomach?
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helps destroy bacteria
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| 48 |
What does mucous do?
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protects cells from low pH
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| 49 |
What is the cause of most ulcers?
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Heliocobacter pylori (a bacteria)
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| 50 |
What is chyme?
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What food in the stomach is converted to
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| 51 |
What is the pyloric sphincter?
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The tube that connects the stomach to duodenum - it allows 5 mls of chyme with each contraction...
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| 52 |
How long does it take to empty the stomach?
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2 to 6 hours
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| 53 |
How long is the small intestine?
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25 feet
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| 54 |
Where does most digestion occur?
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small intestine
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| 55 |
Where is bile stored?
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in gallbladder
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| 56 |
Where is bile produced?
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Liver
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| 57 |
What does bile help with?
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Digestion of fats
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| 58 |
what is bile?
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A detergent that emulsifies fats
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| 59 |
Watch digestion videos here.
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http://video.about.com/ibdcrohns/Digestion.htmhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sCn5uvvc3WE
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| 60 |
Watch a urinary/excretory video here.
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qxb2_d9ilEw&feature=fvsr
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| 61 |
What are the functions of the pancreas?
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1. blood sugar regulation2. enzyme production necessary for digestion
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| 62 |
What is both an exocrine and endocrine gland?
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pancreas
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| 63 |
Why is the pancreas an endocrine gland?
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It has hormones that control blood sugar regulation
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| 64 |
Where is pancreatic juice?
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Duodenum
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| 65 |
What is the duodenum?
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The part that connects stomach to small intestine
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| 66 |
What chemical things are in the pancreas?
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Sodium bicarbonate and enzymes
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| 67 |
Where does sugar regulation take place?
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Islets of langerhans
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| 68 |
What are the 3 major cell types?
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alpha cellsbeta cellsdelta cells
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| 69 |
What do Alpha cells secrete?
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Glucagon (a hormone)
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| 70 |
What do beta cells produce?
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Insulin
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| 71 |
What do delta cells secrete?
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somatostatin (a hormone)
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| 72 |
What 3 enzymes does the pancreas produce, and what does each break down?
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1. trypsin - proteins2. amylase - carbohydrates3. lipase - fats
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| 73 |
How are sugars changed from carbs to glucose?
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Hydrolysis in the small intestine and absorbed into blood
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| 74 |
What brings your blood glucose levels down?
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insulin
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| 75 |
What are the two effects of insulin?
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1. Facilitates entry of glucose into muscle and tissues2. Stimulates liver to store glucose...
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| 76 |
What are hepatocytes?
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Cells in the liver
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| 77 |
What is a well-known effect of insulin?
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decreases glucose concentration
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| 78 |
What is the site for most absorption into the blood?
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???
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| 79 |
What is the role of the capillaries in absorption?
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They absorb products of protein and carbohydrate digestion
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| 80 |
Where does fat digestion take place?
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Lymph vessels
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| 81 |
What and where are villi?
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vessels in the small intestine
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| 82 |
What are inside the villi?
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Capillaries
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| 83 |
Where do capillaries absorb products of protein/carb digestion?
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Villi
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| 84 |
What does blood do?
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Takes sugars and amino acids to liver
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| 85 |
What is similar about the pancreas and small intestine?
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They both secrete enzymes in an alkaline juice to digest proteins, fats, and CHOs
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| 86 |
Where is the digested food received after passing through the pancreas?
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The liver
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| 87 |
Where does the bile go after the liver?
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The gallbladder
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| 88 |
Where does undigested food from the small intestine go?
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The large intestine
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| 89 |
What do hepatocytes do?
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detoxify blood
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| 90 |
What is the hepatic portal vein?
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the vein where the capillaries go to liver
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| 91 |
What are the functions of the liver?
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1. store fat soluble vitamins2. store excess substances3. produce bile/urea4. filter harmful...
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| 92 |
Where is glucose removed and converted to glycogen?
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Liver
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| 93 |
What happens to the excess amino acids in the liver?
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They are removed and deaminated, converted to urea
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| 94 |
How long is the large intestine?
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5 feet
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| 95 |
Where is water absorbed?
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Large intestine
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| 96 |
What is homeostasis?
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Internal regulation that maintains balance
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| 97 |
What are the important organs that excrete wastes produced in body?
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1. Lungs2. Sweat Glands3. Rectum4. Kidneys
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| 98 |
What is the site of rbc formation?
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???
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| 99 |
What wastes are excreted by lungs?
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carbon dioxide and water vapor
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| 100 |
What wastes are excreted by sweat glands?
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water and salts
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| 101 |
What wastes are excreted by rectum?
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undigested foods
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| 102 |
What wastes are excreted by kidneys?
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nitrogenous wastes and salts
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| 103 |
What is the kidney's function?
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to filter blood
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| 104 |
What is dynamic and highly regulated process?
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The kidney process
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| 105 |
What is the main waste product of the kidney?
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Urea
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| 106 |
What is urea?
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A product of amino acid metabolism
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| 107 |
What do the ureters do?
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connect kidneys to bladder
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| 108 |
What does the liver deoxify, and to what?
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ammonia to urea
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| 109 |
What is the renal medulla?
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Inner portion of kidney
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| 110 |
What is the renal cortex?
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Outer portion of kidney
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| 111 |
What are nephrons?
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The functional parts of the kidney
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| 112 |
What's inside each nephron?
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An arteriole
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| 113 |
What are the two processes of the nephrons?
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1. Filtration2. Reabsorption
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| 114 |
Where does filtration take place?
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Glomerus
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| 115 |
What is the glomerus?
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This circular thing in the kidney that filtrates the blood
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| 116 |
Due to blood pressure, what doesn't get squeezed into filtrate?
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Cells, platelets, plasma
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| 117 |
What is the filtrate?
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The stuff that is filtered by the kidney
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| 118 |
What is reabsorption?
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When kidnesy filter all the blood in the body (every 45 minutes)
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| 119 |
How does reabsorption take place in glomerus?
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Active transport
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| 120 |
What wastes are absorbed in the kidneys?
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Amino acids, fats, glucose
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| 121 |
What is adh?
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andti-dieuretic hormone
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| 122 |
What does AdH do?
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Keeps you from urinating because it retains water
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| 123 |
How is Adh secreted?
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by posterior pituitary gland
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| 124 |
What is the amount of adh regulated by?
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1. sensor cells in hypothalamus2. receptors in heart
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| 125 |
Since urine is a filtrate of blood, it is what?
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sterile
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| 126 |
Kidney stones?
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calcium, magnesium, uric acid
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| 127 |
What are some diseases?
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transplants, dialysis, kidney stones, diabetes
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| 128 |
Where is amylase produced?
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mouth and pancreas
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| 129 |
When is the pancreas an endocrine gland?
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When it produces insulin
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| 130 |
All the blood from small intestine goes through what first?
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liver
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| 131 |
What things are in the stomach?
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hydrochloric acid and pepsin
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| 132 |
What does ___ break down?1. tripsin/pepsin2. lipase3. amylase
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1. proteins2. fats3. carbohydrates
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| 133 |
What does sodium bicarbonate do?
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neutralizes pH
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| 134 |
What is unique about pepsin?
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It's active at pH 1 - the lowest pH
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| 135 |
Where are amino acids made?
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Liver
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