Flashcard Set Preview
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| 1 |
What is clinical insomnia?
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Inability to fall asleep even though a person has 0 sleep credits and conditions are favourable
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| 2 |
What is situational insomnia?
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Inability to fall asleep due to obvious factors (i.e. loud noise)
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| 3 |
What types of tasks are most likely to cause fatigue?
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Complex & monotonous
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| 4 |
Define stress?
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Stress is the response to unfavourable circumstances & describes a body's response to the...
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| 5 |
Give 4 types of stress
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EnvironmentalLifeReactiveOrganizational
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| 6 |
Give an example of an environmental stressor
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noise
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| 7 |
Give an example of a life stressor
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fight with partner
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| 8 |
Give an example of a reactive stressor
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encountering wind shear
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| 9 |
Give an example of an organisational stressor
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too high workload
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| 10 |
Name 8 coping behaviours
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OmissionErrorQueuingFilteringApproximationConing of attentionRegressionEscape
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| 11 |
Most sensitive to lack of oxygen
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the eyes (not brain?)
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| 12 |
Does the brain have O2 storage
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no
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| 13 |
One purpose of the circulatory system is to (not commonly thought of)
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regulate body temperature
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| 14 |
Symptoms of Hypoxia
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Cyanosis, Headache, Dizzyness, Impaired judgement, Muscular spasms, Unconcioussness, Death, Lack...
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| 15 |
Treatment of Hypoxia
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Descend below 10,000' or use supplemental oxygen
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| 16 |
Oxygen Paradox
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Symptoms briefly get worse immediately after donning an oxygen mask before improving
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| 17 |
At what altitude are you required to breathe oxygen under preassure?
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40000'
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| 18 |
TUC @ FL200
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5 - 10
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| 19 |
TUC @ FL250
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2 - 3
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| 20 |
TUC @ FL280
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1 - 1.5
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| 21 |
TUC @ FL300
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45 - 75
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| 22 |
TUC @ FL350
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30 - 45
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| 23 |
TUC @ FL400
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20 - 30
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| 24 |
TUC @ FL450
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5 to 10 - 15
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| 25 |
TUC =
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Time available to perform flying duties efficiently in an environment deprived of oxygen
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| 26 |
Symptoms of Hyperventilation
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light-headedness, sense of unreality, muscle spasms, increased pulse, palpitations, dizziness, numbness, tingling, blurred...
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| 27 |
Treatment for hyperventilation
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Voluntarily reduce breathing rate, breathe in and out of paper bag, calm/distract...
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| 28 |
Barotrauma
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Tissue injury due to pressure change (i.e. burst eardrum)
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| 29 |
Pressure vertigo
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Dizzyness caused by effect of pressure on our vestibular system
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| 30 |
A pilot thinks they are too high when...
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runway slopes up from threshold, terrain slopes up to the threshold, runway is narrower...
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| 31 |
A pilot thinks they are too low when..
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runway slopes down from the threshold, terrain slopes down to the threashold, runway...
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| 32 |
approach is in total darkness except for runway lights
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too high
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| 33 |
runway is narrower than usual
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too high
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| 34 |
Visibility is poor
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too low
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| 35 |
there is heavy rain on the windscreen
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too high
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| 36 |
runway is shorter than usual
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too low
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| 37 |
runway slopes up from threshold
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too high
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| 38 |
runway slopes down from the threshold
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too low
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| 39 |
terrain slopes down to the threshold
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too low
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| 40 |
terrain slopes up to the threshold
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too high
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| 41 |
runway is longer than usual
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too high
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| 42 |
approach is over water or featureless terrain
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too high
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| 43 |
runway and approach lights are dimmer than usual
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too low
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| 44 |
Portland DC-8 Crash
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Due to distraction by gear malfunctionCaptain failed to listen to FE warningFE deemed deferent,...
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| 45 |
Kegwort M1, UK
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Shut down wrong engine, FO too confident, Crew too impulsive, Lack of communication...
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| 46 |
Washington DC, Potomac River
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Crash on takeoff due to ice accumulation, Pitot tubes blocked, false engine indications, No...
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| 47 |
Everglades, Florida
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Undercarriage not workingCrew distracted by indicator lightsAutopilot accidentally disengagedAircraft...
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| 48 |
Dryden Ontario
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Crash due to ice on wings, No deicing due to engines running during refuelling, Due...
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| 49 |
Tenerife, Canary Islands
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Two 747's backtracked in fog, Pan Am failed to clear runway before KLM commenced take off....
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| 50 |
Most common cause of death in the world
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Malaria
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| 51 |
Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning
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fatigue, headache, breathlessness, cherry red complexion
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| 52 |
Effects of a rapid decompression
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barrotrauma, fog and mist in cabin, noise, blowing objects, drop in temperature, forced...
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| 53 |
Personality
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enduring predispositions of a person to behave in a certain way
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| 54 |
Attitude
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predisposition to act in a certain way in response to certain individuals or circumstances
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| 55 |
Example of rule based behaviour
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SOP checklists
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| 56 |
Example of skill based behaviour
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flying straight & level
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| 57 |
Example of knowledge based behaviour
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Deciding to divert and land rather than push on in bad weather
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| 58 |
Systematic error
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same error every time, easiest to remedy
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| 59 |
Random error
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different error every time
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| 60 |
Sporadic error
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most of the time error free but sometimes an error occurs for no reason. Most difficult to...
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| 61 |
3 ways of making an error
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OmissionCommissionSubstitution
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| 62 |
Omission
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leaving something out
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| 63 |
Commission
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doing something that shouldn't be done
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| 64 |
Substitution
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doing the wrong action in place of another
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| 65 |
% of accidents due to human error
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70% (60-80%)
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| 66 |
Advantages of automation
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efficiency, accuracy, no need for motivation, no fatigue or stress
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| 67 |
Disadvantages of automation
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denies pilot ability to interact, loss of mode awareness, loss of situational awareness, breakdown...
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| 68 |
Action slip?
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Pilot makes correct decision but exercises wrong skills
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| 69 |
Environmental capture
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Pilot assumes because they are in that environment that they have completed a task because...
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| 70 |
Medical certificate validity period
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4 years for student and private licenses (under 40)1 year for commercial
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| 71 |
Alcohol is removed from the body primarily by
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the liver
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| 72 |
Sea level pressure is half at
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18000'
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| 73 |
How many hours after ingestion can alcohol be found in the brain
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24h
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| 74 |
Dive with no compression stops
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4 hours
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| 75 |
Dive with compression stops less than 4 hours
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12 hours
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| 76 |
Dive with compression stops more than 4 hours
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48 hours
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| 77 |
Analgesics
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may be used by a pilot for short term pain releif
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| 78 |
Lowest operating temperature at which heat stress may occur
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32C
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| 79 |
Casa recommended time between blood donation and flying is
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24h
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| 80 |
Eustacian tube connects
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middle ear to the throat
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| 81 |
Db level at which ear damage occurs
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85db
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| 82 |
Db level at which physical pain occurs
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140db
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| 83 |
Presbyopia
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long sightedness (hard to focus on close objects) that occurs with ageing due to the lens of...
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| 84 |
Part of the eye which does the majority of focusing
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cornea
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| 85 |
Casa requires total abstinence from alcohol for a period of
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8 hours before departure
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| 86 |
Most common aircraft errors are
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errors of judgement and decision making
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| 87 |
Excessive uric acid in the blood causes
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gout
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| 88 |
Comfortable level of humidity for passengers in a jet is
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40-60%, may fall below on long high altitude flights
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| 89 |
Upper limit for alcohol consumption for a week is
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28 men21 women
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| 90 |
Max period that you can be sick without DAME approving your return is
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7 days for commercial pilots
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| 91 |
Inner ear functions
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Convert mechanical energy of eardrum vibrations to nerve impulses and assist in maintaining...
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| 92 |
Which part of the ear converts mechanical energy to nerve impulses
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cochlea
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| 93 |
What mediates the sense of balance
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semi-circular canals
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| 94 |
Average number of items that can be held in short term memory is
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7(+-2)
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| 95 |
Sensory memory for sound is
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4-8 sec
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| 96 |
Short term memory span is
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15-30 secs
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| 97 |
Short term memory is primarily
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acoustic
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| 98 |
Sensory memory for images is
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1 sec
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| 99 |
Night vision requires how long to develop
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30-40 mins
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| 100 |
Three circles model of leadership includes
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Individual, team and task
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| 101 |
Average rate of adjustment to transmeridonial dyschronism change is
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1.5 hours/day
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| 102 |
Greyout occurs at
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3.5G
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| 103 |
Blackout occurs at
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5G
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| 104 |
Amount of water lost on a hot day
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5L
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| 105 |
Night vision begins being effected at
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4000'
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| 106 |
Missmanaged threats usually lead to
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errors which are linked to UAS
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| 107 |
TEM countermeasures
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Planning, execution and review
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| 108 |
UAS are broken down into
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aircraft configuration, ground navigation, inflight handling
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| 109 |
3 main categories for error are
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Aircraft handling errors, procedural errors, communication errors
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| 110 |
Types of threats
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Environmental eg. terrain, operational pressuresOrganizational eg. poor SOPs, or internal...
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| 111 |
External threats can be broken down as
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anticipated eg. forecast weatherunexpected eg. diversionslatent eg. poor cockpit design
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| 112 |
The air is unusually clear
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too high
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| 113 |
Regression
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Reverting to past learn techniques (may not be appropriate, ie. different aircrafts procedure...
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| 114 |
A smokers physiological altitude is
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4000'
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| 115 |
Resychronization is easier travelling
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west when circadian rythum lenthens (retards)
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| 116 |
Resynchronization is more difficult travelling
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east when circadium rythum shortens (advances)
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| 117 |
Body runs on a __ hour cycle
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25
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| 118 |
4 common sleep disorders
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narcolepsy, apnoea, somnambulism, insomnia
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| 119 |
narcolepsy
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cant stop yourself falling asleep
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| 120 |
apnoea
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stop breathing in your sleep, casuing you to wake up in a panicy state
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| 121 |
somnambulism
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sleep walking
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| 122 |
Alcohol may be present in the blood for upto ___ after ingestion
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14 hours
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| 123 |
REM sleep
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rapid eye movement, muscles relaxed, related to strengthening and organizing memory
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| 124 |
Optimal stress zone on the stress performance curve is termed
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Eustress
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| 125 |
3 stages of response to stress
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Alarm (fight or flight), Resistance (acceptance and fighting), Collapse (body...
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| 126 |
In normal operating conditions pilots should ideally be
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G+ & P+ (Both goal and team orientated) Stable extroverts
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| 127 |
In an emergency situation pilots may need to be
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G+ & P- (determined to reach goals without consideration of peoples feelings)
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| 128 |
Cognitive dissonance
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causes discomfot or tension, a difference between what we already know and new information
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| 129 |
Hazardous attitudes
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Anti-authority, impulsive, invulnerable, macho, resignation, deference
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| 130 |
Maslows heirarchy of needs
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Top - Self actualization (least needed), Eseem, Love-Belonging, Safety, Physiological...
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| 131 |
Motivators can be
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intrinsic (eg. self satisfaction) or extrinsic (eg. payrise)
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| 132 |
Two types of organizational failures
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latent (procedural deficiencies) & active (mistakes)
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| 133 |
Sequential error
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when one leads to another
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| 134 |
Endemic, systemic, ergonomic and cultural are all types of
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erros
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| 135 |
Endemic
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inherent in the operation
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| 136 |
Systemic
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confusion regarding rules, procedures and responsibilities
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| 137 |
Ergonomic
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design induced
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| 138 |
Threat
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a situation or even that has the potential ot impact negatively on the safety of a flight,...
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| 139 |
3 phases of TEM
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anticipation, recognition & recovery
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| 140 |
Environmental threat examples
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Adverse weather, airport, ATC, Terrain, traffic
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| 141 |
Organizational threat examples
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Aircraft, operational performance, cabin distractions, dispatch errors, maintainence errors,...
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| 142 |
Internal threat examples
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fatigue, team familiarality, health, language & culture, recency, experience
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| 143 |
External threat examples
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distractions, weather, cabin crew, traffic, diversion, terrain, ATC & many more
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| 144 |
Handling error examples
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Automation, flight control, ground navigation, manual flying, instument setting errors
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| 145 |
Procedural error examples
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Briefings, callouts, checklist, documentation, duty confusion, SOP verification
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| 146 |
Communication error examples
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Pilot-pilot, crew to external
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| 147 |
Aircraft handling UAS examples
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vertical, lateral or speed deviations, unnessicary weather penetration, unstable approach,...
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| 148 |
Ground navigation UAS examples
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Runway/taxiway incursions, taxi too fast
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| 149 |
Incorrect aircraft configuration UAS examples
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Automation, engine, flight contro, systems, or weight and balance
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| 150 |
Planning countermeasure are designed for
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managing anticipated and unexpected threats
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| 151 |
Execution countermeasures are designed for
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error detection and error response
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| 152 |
Review/modify countermeasures are designed for
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managing the changing conditions of a flight, such as UAS
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| 153 |
When an error has led to a UAS is is important to
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switch from error management to UAS management
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| 154 |
Planning countermeasure examples
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SOP briefing, workload assignment, contingency management
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| 155 |
Execution countermeasure examples
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Monitor/cross check, workload management, automation management
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| 156 |
Review/modify countermeasure examples
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evaluate/modify existing plans, enquiry, assertiveness
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| 157 |
SHELL MODEL
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Software (design of SOP, checklists, manuals), Hardware (design of aircraft), Environment...
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| 158 |
Hardware design takes into account ergonomics based on
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5th to 95th percentile of the population
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| 159 |
Anthropometric measurements used for hardware design
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static, contour and dynamic
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| 160 |
Vigilance decrement
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after 30 mins pilots monitoring performance whilst using autopilot whill decrease
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| 161 |
Of the 3 circles of leadership which is ultimately the most important
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task
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| 162 |
Risky shift
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where a group decision results in greater risk being accepted due to the lack of objection...
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| 163 |
A group decisioin is _____ than the _____ member
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rarely better, most able
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| 164 |
Synergy
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when the groups output is better than the sum of the individuals input
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| 165 |
CRM is
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the effective us of al resources to achieve safe & efficient flight, with the primary focus...
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| 166 |
Autocratic cockpit gradient could also be described as
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steep
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| 167 |
Lase-faire cockpit gradient could also be described as
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too even
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| 168 |
Synergystic cockpit gradient could also be described as
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ideal, where the captain has clear authority but the first officer feels like he can input...
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| 169 |
Good communication style to be used by the captain would be
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assertive and supportive
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| 170 |
Two modes of comunication and their uses
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Push (giving command, makign statement)Pull (asking questions, making proposal, reading back)...
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| 171 |
Two types of judgments
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cognitive & perceptual
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| 172 |
Perceptual judgement
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takes little thought, hard to influence
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| 173 |
Cognitive judgement
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takes time to think, easily influenced
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| 174 |
Judgement is the ability to assess a situation clearly, while decision making...
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uses judgement to formulate action and then assess
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| 175 |
P I L O T decision making model
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Probe the facts, identify the problem, look for solutions, operate, take stock
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| 176 |
A pilot whith his/her eye one inch below DEP will...
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lose about 40m of forward visiblity
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| 177 |
To increase values on a glass cockpit system a knob must be turned
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clockwise
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| 178 |
Eustacian tube connects the
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middle ear to the throat
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| 179 |
Digital displays are best for ____, Analogue are best for ____
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quantitative, qualitative
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| 180 |
What happens to errors as experience increases
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handling errors reduce, judgement errors remain the same
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| 181 |
Looking off centre at night is best due to
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the concentration of rods in the retinal periphery
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| 182 |
Which part of the eye does the majority of the focusing
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cornea
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| 183 |
Hypermetropia
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long sightedness
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| 184 |
Myopia
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short sightedness
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| 185 |
Astigmatism
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imperfections (eg. wrinkle) in the lens which causes distortion
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| 186 |
Perceptive hearing loss
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sensoro-neural (ie. typical long term exposure to loud noise)
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| 187 |
Conductive hearing loss
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Sound is not effectively conducted from outer canal through the ear drum and small bones (may...
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| 188 |
Prebycusis
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hearing loss with age
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| 189 |
Echoic memory
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sound sensory memory, 2-8 seconds
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| 190 |
Iconic memory
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vision sensory memory 0.5-1 seconds
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| 191 |
False hypothesis is likely
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after periods of high concentration, when atention is diverted, expectance is high, when it...
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| 192 |
Black hole phenomena on take-off refers to
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the somatogravic illusion
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| 193 |
When a pilot is attending to an emergency situation what will happen to his processing rate...
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rate of processing will increase, range will decrease
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| 194 |
CPR ratio
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2 breaths/15 compressions @ 60 compressions per min
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| 195 |
Hearing protection should be worn when
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you must yell to be heard 0.5m away
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| 196 |
A motor program is most likely to have a problem at the stage of
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initiation
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| 197 |
some who acts col to subordinates and associates could be described as G?P?
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G+P-
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| 198 |
Councelling is what kind of stress coming strategy
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cognitive
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| 199 |
Most important consideratiosn in ergonomics of flight deck design are
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function, frequency of use, sequence of use, importance of control
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| 200 |
Sinuspain is most likely when
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you have a head cold on descent
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| 201 |
Dental and intenstinal pain will be worse on
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ascent
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| 202 |
Daltons law
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Total P = Sum of partial pressures
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| 203 |
Henrys law
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amount dissolved in solution will be dependent apon the pressure above the liquid
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| 204 |
Boyles law
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temp is constant, pressure changes with volume
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| 205 |
Charles law
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when pressure is constant, volume will change with temperature
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| 206 |
Why is partial pressure of O2 less in the lungs than ambient
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due to CO2 and H2O in the lungs
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| 207 |
The stimuli for breathing is
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CO2 concentration in the blood
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| 208 |
heamoglobin has ___ the affinity for CO than O2
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3 times
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| 209 |
Types of Hypoxia
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Hypoxic (normal), Anemic (lack of iron), Histoxic (inability of cells to uptake), Stagnant...
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