Cognitive-behavioural Therapy (CBT)

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Cards In This Set

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Who originally developed CBT?
Beck (1967)
What role does CBT emphasise?
CBT emphasises the role of maladaptive thoughts and beliefs in the origins and maintenance of depression.
What is the aim of CBT?
The aim of CBT is to identify and alter these maladaptive cognitions (the cognitive part of therapy) as well as any dysfunctional behaviours that might be contributing to depression (the behavioural part).
What does CBT focus on and how long does it generally last?
CBT generally focuses on current problems and current dyfunctional thinking. It generally is relatively brief (lasting between 16 and 20 sessions).
Although there are many ingredients involved in CBT, including 'homework', what are the two main ones, according to Hammen (1997)?
According to Hammen, 'thought catching' and 'behavioural activation' are the two main ingredients in CBT.
What occurs in 'thought catching'?
Individuals are taught how to see the link between their thoughts and the way they feel.
As part of their 'homework' in 'thought catching', what might be asked of the patient?
The patient might be asked to record any emotion-arousing events, the automatic 'negative' thoughts associated with these events and then their 'realistic' thoughts that might challenge these negative thoughts. For example, they may feel distresed about something they overhear, automatically assuming that the person was talking about them. CBT teaches them to challenge this association by asking themselves questions such as 'Where's the evidence that they were talking about me? Might they have been talking about someone else? What is the worst that can happen if they were?'
By challending these dysfunctional thoughts, and replacing them with more constructive ons, clients are trying out new ways of behaving.
What is 'behavioural activation' based on?
Behavioural activation is based on the commonsense idea that being active leads to rewards that act as an antidote to depression.
A characteristic of depressed people is that they no longer participate in activities that they previously enjoyed. What would happen in CBT to combat this?
In CBT, therapist and client identify potential pleasurable activities and anticipate and deal with any cognitive obstacles (eg. I won't be able to achieve that').
The belief that changing behaviour can go some way to alleviating depression is supported by a study on the beneficial effects of exercise. Who's study is this and what occurred within it?
Babyak et al (2000) studied 156 MDD adult volunteers. They were randomly assigned to a four month course of aerobic exercise, drug treatment (an SSRI) or a combination of the two. Patients in all three groups exhibited significant improvement at the end of the four months. Six months after the end of the study, those in the exercise group had significantly lower relapse rates than those in the medication group, partocularly among those who had continued with an exercise regime on their own.
What did a meta-analysis by Robinson et al (1990) find?
A meta-analysis by Robinson et al found that CBT was superior to no-treatment control groups. However, when these control groups were subdivided into waiting list (ie. no treatment at all) and placebo groups, CBT was not significantly more effective than the placebo condition to reducing depressive symtpoms.
Therapist competence (ability) appears to explain a significant amount of the variation in CBT outcomes. How do Kuyken and Tsivirkos (2000) lend support to this claim?
Kuyken and Tsivirkos lend support to this claim by concluding that as much as 15% of the variance in outcome may be attributable to therapist competence.
What does research suggest about 'homework' in CBT?
Research suggest that the clients' engagement with 'homework' predicrs their outcomes and that therapists who are able to improve clients' engagement with homework have associated benefits in terms of outcomes (Bryant et al, 1999).
Who has CBT successfully been applied to?
CBT has successfully been applied to many different client groups, including elderly populations, juveniles and depressed adolescents.
What has Selmi et al (1990) shown?
The cognitive aspect of CBT has been administered by computer and shown to be as effective as other forms of psychotherapy treatment (Selmit et al).