Flashcard Set Preview
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| 1 |
What are three goals for technology surrounding affective learning?
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1. Developing systems that learn from interaction with the user2. Gain deeper understanding...
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| 2 |
What was the neuroanatomical idea in the Renaissance?
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Ventricles produce CSF which is crucial to thought
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| 3 |
What did descartes think?
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That hollow nerves from the eyes project to brain ventricles, the mind influences the motor...
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Who was Marian Diamond?
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Teacher at UC berkeley who studied Einsteins brain
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| 5 |
What are glial cells?
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Non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis and produce myelin.
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| 6 |
Who was the first to find cognitive function that depends on the brain area?
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Broca
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| 7 |
What are the cognitive disabilities associated with damage to the hippocampus?
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Impairment for forming new memories
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| 8 |
What are the cognitive disabilities associated with damage to the amydala?
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Inability to feel, emotions
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| 9 |
What is Lobotomy?
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Surgical ablation of the temporal lobe in order to restore psychological calm.
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| 10 |
What is Phrenology?
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science that corrolates structure of the head with personality traits
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| 11 |
What is the prefrontal area associated with?
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planning for voluntary movement, thoughts, personality
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| 12 |
What is the premotor cortex?
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An area of the frontal cortex near "forehead"
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| 13 |
What is the primary motor cortex control?
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voluntary movement
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| 14 |
Where is the limbic association cortex?
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base of brain, controls emotions, learning, and memory
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| 15 |
What does Broca's area control?
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Language formation
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| 16 |
What does Wernicke's area control?
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Language comprehension
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| 17 |
What is the viewing axis that goes vertically from ear to ear, perpendicular to the floor?
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Coronal view
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| 18 |
What is Grey Matter?
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Regions of the brain involved in information processing, unmyelinated axons and glia
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| 19 |
What is white matter?
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Regions of the brain involved in transmission, myelinated axons
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| 20 |
Who was Jeff Hawkins?
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He was the one who proposed the thoery for the brain with computational modeling
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| 21 |
What are the four steps of a functional MRI?
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cortical activity, increases cell firing, increases blood flow, increases mri signal(bold)...
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| 22 |
What does BOLD stand for?
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blood oxygen level dependent effect
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| 23 |
How does caffeine affect you?
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Caffeine blocks adenosine (which inhibits firing rate) allowing for increased firing rate
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| 24 |
What is glutamate?
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a neurotransmitter that excites neurons
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| 25 |
What does alcohol do to your brain?
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inhibits glutamate and disrupts mental functional
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| 26 |
What does dopamine do?
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accounts for a feeling of pleasure
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| 27 |
What do recreational drugs to do increase pleasure?
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increase dopamine production, but this leads to depletion of dopamine receptors
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| 28 |
What is the cause of Parkinson's disease and the possible effects?
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Lack of dopamine. Causes bradykinesia, akinesia, muscle rigidity, tremor, and cognitive disturbances...
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| 29 |
What are the two effects of neurotransmitters?
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they produce excitatory or inhibitory effects
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| 30 |
What is the difference between neurotransmitters and hormones?
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hormones are more of a global effect. affecting other organs. neurotransmitters and hormones...
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| 31 |
What is one of the electrochemical limitations of connectionist models?
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it disregards the importance of neurotransmitters in the firing of neurons
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| 32 |
What does the brain do? (2 things)
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Excites muscles and squirts hormones
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| 33 |
What are the four important functions of sleep and learning?
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sleep after learning to consolidatesleep after learning to integratesleep before learning for...
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| 34 |
What are the two types of memory?
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Declarative and non-declarative
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| 35 |
What are the two types of declarative memory?
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episodic and semantic
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| 36 |
What are the four types of non-declarative memory?
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procedural, implicit, non-associative, and conditioning
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| 37 |
What are the six stages of memory?
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encoding, consolidation, integration, recall, reconsolidation, and erasure
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| 38 |
When does memory consolidation occur int he sleep cycle?
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Stage 4 NREM
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| 39 |
How can you increase slow wave sleep?
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with direct current stimulation
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| 40 |
What is a transitive inference test?
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where different abstractions are given a hierarchy which must be recalled.
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| 41 |
Why is the amygdala overreactive without sleep?
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With no sleep, the prefrontal lobe and the amygdala were not connected (i.e. all gas and no...
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| 42 |
How do we learn to make optimal decisions, and what are the three things that make it hard?
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Maximise reward and minimise punishment. It's hard because of delay, credit assignment, and...
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| 43 |
What is a reinforcement learning framework?
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Agent performs A, in an environment with multiple states. Action state pairs are associated...
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| 44 |
How do you find the teaching signal?
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expected reward-observed reward
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| 45 |
How do we learn through Reinforcement learning?
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we assign value to a state action pair to evaluate the reward
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| 46 |
What is unconditioned stimulus/response, and the difference between CS and CR?
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unconditioned s/r is like food/salivation. conditioned s/r is like pairing a conditioned with...
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| 47 |
What is the importance of classical conditioning?
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It shows reinforcement facilitates learning and that the schedule of reinforcement is very...
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| 48 |
What is acquisition and extinction?
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acquisition is learning the pairs between US and CS, and extinction is unlearning the pairing...
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| 49 |
What are the septal area and the nucleus accumbens?
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result in dopamine production
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| 50 |
Imbalances in dopamine can lead to...
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impulsivity and addiction
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| 51 |
Who was the person who searched for the engram?
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Karl Lashley
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| 52 |
What does learning require?
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synaptic plasticity, or the change in the structure of a synapse
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| 53 |
What is the modal model of memory?
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sensory (iconic and echoic), short term, and longterm memory
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| 54 |
What is Tulving model's of memory?
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Short Term/ Long Term (Procedural and Declarative [semantic and episodic])
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| 55 |
What is the purpose of the hippocampus?
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consolidation, or the transfer of information from stm to long term memory (episodic memory)
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| 56 |
What structure is associated with semantic memory?
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Limbic cortex
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| 57 |
What structure is associated with procedural memory?
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basal ganglia and motor cortex
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| 58 |
What is the state-dependent principle?
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emotional state is the same in the test as it was during encoding (duh)
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| 59 |
What is the self-reference effect?
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people recall more information when they relate it to themselves
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| 60 |
What are the levels of neuroscience?
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molecular, cellular, systems, behavioral, cognitive...now INTEGRATIVE neuroscience!
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| 61 |
What is the hard problem of qualia (sensory occurrences)
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painfulness of pain, redness of red, etc
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| 62 |
What are BMIs
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interfaces between the CNS and artifical domain
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| 63 |
What are EEGs
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looks at brain electrical signal through the scalp with electrodes. good temporal resolution,...
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| 64 |
What are ECoGs?
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Recordings from under the cortex. more invasive with little vulterability to facial muscle...
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| 65 |
What are Single Neuron Recordings?
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using intracellular patch clamps or extracellular probes
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| 66 |
How do pet scans work? How do spect scans work? How do cat scans work?
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nuclear tracers are injected and then traced. spect involves gamma rays which are picked up...
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| 67 |
What is a firing rate, and what is a spike train?
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how many spikes over a period of time, and patterns of spikes over a period of time (eg. 10101...
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| 68 |
What are the four types of coding mechanisms?
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Rate (averaging over time) Temporal (no averaging over time) Population coding (averaging over...
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| 69 |
What is cortical plasticity/
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changes occur int he organization of the brain as a result of the effect of experience during...
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| 70 |
What are the two flows of information in BMIs?
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encoding (sensory prosthesis) and decoding (motor prosthesis)
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| 71 |
What was the major development in BMI history in the 70s?
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The concept of biofeedback
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| 72 |
How are BMI's classified?
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on the approach (non-invasive or invasive) and by the flow of information (encoding and decoding)
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