Flashcard Set Preview
| Side A | Side B | ||
| 1 |
How to be better parents
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-information and understanding can help parents raise their children successfully
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| 2 |
help choose and shape social policies
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-help society adopt policies that promote children's well-being
-improve education system
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| 3 |
Understand human nature
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-child devel. research is a window into human nature and the human mind in general
-understand...
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Early philosophical views
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- 4th centure - beginning of nature-nuurture deabete
-plato believed in in innate knowledge,...
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| 5 |
Plato
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innate knowledge
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| 6 |
Aristotle
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who was the world that shaped us through experience
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| 7 |
17th - behaviorist
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-environment shapes us
John Locke
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Tabula Rasa (John Locke)
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idea that you are born soft and malleable and the environment imprints on you, shaped by forces...
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18th Piagetian
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-discovery learning and stages of development an dlearning
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| 10 |
Jean Jacques Rossseau
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-children are inherently good
-children learn through spontaneous interactions with objects...
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19th century
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beginning research on children because:
-social reform movements- fit means of economy
-Charles...
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| 12 |
Charles Darwin Theory of Evolution
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-biographical sketch of an infant, expressed thought of progressive change. We don't only change...
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| 13 |
19th and 20th
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Psychoanalytic Theory, Psychosocial Theory, Behaviorism, Cognitive Development
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| 14 |
Freud
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Psychoanalytic Theory: Psychosexual Theory
-famous for how unconscious desires influence developement
-5...
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| 15 |
Erikson
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Psychosocial Theory
-8 stages where conflict must be resolved
-first and only theory that...
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| 16 |
G. Stanley Hall
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-fonded 1st psychological journal
-founded APA
-wrote adolescence and didn't believed in...
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| 17 |
John Watson
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-Behaviourism
-founded behaviorism
-study of observable and quantifiable aspects of behaviour...
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| 18 |
Piaget
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Cognitive Development Theory
-children are actively building worldly schemes based on their...
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| 19 |
Current Theories
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Sociocultural theory
Ecological systems theory
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| 20 |
Current Theories
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-info processing
-mind like a computer
-problem solving through mental operations
-children...
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| 21 |
Sociocultural Theory :vygotsky
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-children learned beliefs and values through interactions with adults or peers
-teach kids...
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| 22 |
Ecological systems Theory
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-complex system of relationship between different levels of person's environment
-another...
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| 23 |
7 reoccuring themes
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1. Nature or Nurture
2.Active Child
3.Continuous/Discontinuous
4.Mechanisms of Change
5.Sociocultural...
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| 24 |
Nature or Nurture
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Nature or Nurture
-genes/biology
-everything in one's environment
Nature and Nurture
-complex...
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| 25 |
The Active Child
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What role do children play in their own development/
-people over objects, caregiver over...
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| 26 |
Continuous/Discontinuous
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Continuous: tree growth
Discontinuous: caterpillar-->cocoon-->b.Fly
it depends...
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| 27 |
Mechanisms of Change
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-how things change and effect an individual
-how often change occurs
-what causes the change
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| 28 |
Sociocultural Context
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-children are passive recipients
-learn knowledge about the world through elders experience
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| 29 |
individual Differences
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-everyone is unique and we don't all learn the same way
-development depends on the individual
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| 30 |
Research an dChildren's Welfare
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-establish research to try and develop and expand on child development for welfare of children
-expand...
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| 31 |
Developmental Psychology
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developmental science, we employ the scientic method to examin human development
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Features that define science
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1. systematic epiricism
2.production of public knowledge
3.examination of solvable problems-...
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| 33 |
2 general strategies in Devel. Research
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-experimental
-correlational
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| 34 |
Experimental
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-2 or more groups of participants are comparable at the begining
-each group is present with...
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True or false: if two groups yield different responses you can assume that the on thing that...
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true
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Experimental Design
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-Random assignment used to control for unknown characteristics of participants that could reduce...
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Modified Experimental
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-randomly assign participants to different treatments in natural settings
-investigators research...
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| 38 |
Problems of Experimental
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-unidirectional: effenct of one variable to another. behav not that simple
-depend varia....
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Correlational Designs
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Co-relationship between two or more variables
-describe difference between variables, describing...
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| 40 |
Most common design
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Pearson Correlation Coefficient: statistics that indicate direction and magnitude of relation...
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| 41 |
Positive correlation
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higher x related to higher y- as one variable becomes larger the other one becomes larger
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| 42 |
Negative correlation
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higher x related to lower y-as one variable becomes larger, the other one gets lower
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Correlation coefficient ranges from +1 to -1
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describes nature of relationship.
-number detects strength of relationship.
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True or False: correlations are simply mathematic descriptoin between variables. Not cause...
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True. correlation does not mean correlation
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| 45 |
Third Variable Problem
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Could be related to both variables
-may not indicate a direct causal path but may arise bc...
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| 46 |
Directionality problem
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what causes it?
-correlation between A and B
-A cause B
-B cause A
Low self-esteem and...
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| 47 |
Partial Correlation
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-potential contribution of other variables to correlation between 2 variables of interest can...
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| 48 |
Resarch designs in developmental psychology
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-cross sectional
-longitudinal
-sequential
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| 49 |
Cross-Sectional
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-indiv. of different ages arre compared at one calendar point in time
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| 50 |
Problems of Cross Sectional
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-sampling bias- if age related make sure each age is representative
-cohort difference:group...
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| 51 |
Longitudinal Methodology
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-same individuals are observed repeatedly as they grow
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Longitudinal data required for
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-relationship btwn early and late behavior
-relationship btwn antecedent events and later...
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Problems of Longitudinal Methodolgy
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-people disappear or go away
-life span is too long and need to find people to continue study
-subject...
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| 54 |
Sequential Design
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different birth cohorts compared over the same longitudinal interview
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Steps in Collecting Datat
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-observation
-interview
-self-report
-psychophysiological recording
Each has their advan....
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| 56 |
Naturalist Observation
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observation takes place in a natural environment of interest
-used when primary goal is to...
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Advantages in Naturalistic Observation
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-useful for studying social interactions and types of behav. unable to be studied in a lab
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| 58 |
Disadvantages
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-Can't controll all variables in a natural environment making it very hard to determine which...
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| 59 |
Structured Observation
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-researchers design a specific task or situation that will elicit the behavior relevant to...
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Advantages of structured observation
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-ensures all children experience the same thing- allowing for direct comparison of different...
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| 61 |
Disadvantages of structured observation
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-reveals less info about subjective info than itnerviews
-not in a natural environment
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| 62 |
Common Methods of gathering info
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-self reports
-interviews
-questionnaires
psychophysiological
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| 63 |
Self -Reports
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-questions about peoples perceptions, thoughts, abilities, feelings, attutides, beliefs and...
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| 64 |
Clinical Interviews
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unstructured method that explore a participants thoguhts, more subjective through use of a...
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Structure d Interview
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-every participant is asked the same questions the same way
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Advantages of Interviews
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-reveals childrens subjective experience
-inexpensive and easy means of data collection
-can...
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| 67 |
Disadvantages of Interviews
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-reports are often viased in a positive direction
-participants memory is often inaccurate...
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| 68 |
Psychophysiological Methods
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-measure of teh relationship between physiological processes and behavior
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| 69 |
EEG
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-electrodes on the scalp to record the electrical acitvity of the brain. Waves are linked to...
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| 70 |
fMRI
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-fuctional brain imaging techniques, provide most precise information about with rbain regions...
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| 71 |
Preferntial Looking Paradigm
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-method measures amoutn of time they spend looking at different stimuli
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| 72 |
2 things that looking longer tells us
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-they can tell differencec between the two
-they prefer to look at one ove the other
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| 73 |
Methods for studying infants
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-phsyciological recording: Habituation Studies
-looking Time
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| 74 |
Physiological Recording: Habituation Studies
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-repeated exposure to visual or auditory stimuli
-infant habituates
-change the stimuli and...
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| 75 |
Habituation Method
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-repeatedly present infants with one time over and over until they becoem bored and detect...
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| 76 |
Violation of Expectation Paradigm
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-based on assumption taht infants will look longer when something violates their expectations...
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Methods for studying infants : Physiological Recording: Violation of Expectation
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-mostly used in cognitive and language development studies
-baseline rates measured
-present...
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| 78 |
Physiological Recording: Paired preference studies
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-present infants with a pair of stimuli
-record which stimulus the infant prefers
-by looking...
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| 79 |
Physiological Recording:Central nervous system activity
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-electrophysiological techniques, direct measure of neural activity. Activity of groups of...
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| 80 |
EEG
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-groups of neurons give off electromagnetic energy that can be measure at the scalp
-if neurons...
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| 81 |
ERP
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-represent scalp-recorded changes in ongoing EEG which are time locked to external events of...
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| 82 |
Ethics in research on children
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-children are vulnerable to physical and psychological harm
-Informed consent
-privacy
-debriefing
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| 83 |
Informed Consent
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-for children 7 years and older, their own informed consent, as well as their parents are to...
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| 84 |
CPA code of ethics
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1. respect for dignity of person: morals, rights
2.responsible caring:focus on professional...
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| 85 |
Father's sperm + mother's ovum=
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zygote
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| 86 |
zygote
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46 chromosomes
23 from each parent
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| 87 |
Each chromosome contains genese which are:
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-sections of chromosomes
-made up od DNA - chemical code for development
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Mitosis
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-begins after fertilization, makes cells grow and duplicate. DNA replication end up w/same...
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| 89 |
Meiosis and Crossing Over
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-Meiosis is reproduction of sex cells
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| 90 |
Twins are either ____________ or _______________
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-monozygotic
-dizygotic
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| 91 |
Monozygotic (identical)
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-zygote that divides to form two genetically identical individuals. Have same DNA
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Dizygotic(fraternal)
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-occurs when two ova are released simultaneously and both are fertilized by different sperm
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| 93 |
ricks associated with multiple births
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-miscarriages
-developmental problems
-financial burder
-early death
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| 94 |
23 pair of chromosomes
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-male have X and Y
-gril has X and X
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| 95 |
What genes do
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-direct production of amino acids necessary for forming new cells
-guide cells to develop...
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| 96 |
Gene expression
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-alleles
-dominant or recessive
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| 97 |
Alleles
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-influence many characteristics. either dominant or recessive pair frome each parent
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| 98 |
Dominant alleles
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-trait will express itself
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| 99 |
Recessive alleles
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-trait will be absent if dominant is present
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Two alleles are homozygous
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-either both dominant or recessive
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| 101 |
Two alleles are heterozygous
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-one is dominant and one is recessive
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| 102 |
Dominant allelles (ex)
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-dark hair
-curly hair
-pigmented skin
-facial dimples
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| 103 |
Recessive alleles
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-blonde hair
-straight hair
-albinism
-no dimples
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| 104 |
Pheylketonuria (PKU)
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-one of the most frequence occuring recessive disorders
-lack an enzyme involved in breaked...
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| 105 |
Patterns of Genetic Inheritence
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-X-linked inheritence
-males are more likely to be affected
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| 106 |
x-linked inheritance
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-a recessive allele is carried on the X chromosome
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| 107 |
-Males more likely to be affected
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-the y chromosome is not as long as the X chromosme and may not have a corresponding dominant...
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| 108 |
Genetic imprinting
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-some genes are chemically marked in such a way that on pair member is activated regardless...
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| 109 |
Chromosome abnormalities
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-in cell division during meiosis, distribution of chromosomes may be uneven
-may also occure...
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| 110 |
Female abnormalities
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-turner syndrom
-poly-x-syndrome
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| 111 |
Turner Syndrome
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-XO (means only one X) with no back up data. typically look like 12 forever
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| 112 |
Poly-X-Syndrome
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-XXX,XXXX,XXXXX: more x chromosomes than a person needs.
-tend to be taller and larger heads
-still...
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| 113 |
Male abrnomatlies
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-Klinefelter's Syndrome
-Supermale Syndrome
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| 114 |
Klinefelter's syndrome
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-XXY or XXXY males tend to have a female distribution of body fat, develop fat deposites in...
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| 115 |
Supermale Syndrome
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-XYY,XYYY or XYYYY
-more prone to acne, slightly larger
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| 116 |
Autosomes
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-first 22 pairs of chromosomes
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| 117 |
Autosomal Abnormalities
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-Down syndrome
-error that happens in meoisis that leads to an extra chromosome
-extra 21st...
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| 118 |
Genetic abnormalities often associated with recessive traits
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-parents carry them without being expressive themselves
-cystic fibrosis
-diabetes
-haemophilia
-both...
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| 119 |
Prenatal detection techniques
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-amniocentesis: risk of miscarriage are low, medical procedure which a small amount of amniotic...
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| 120 |
analysis of amniotic fluid
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-chronic villus sampling CVS: extract fetal cells from membrane
-fetal cells extracted from...
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| 121 |
Ultrasound
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-scan womb with sound waves
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| 122 |
behavioral genetics ask
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-are tehre aspects of behavior that depend on genes and combinations of genes
-if so, do experiences...
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| 123 |
the influence of ____________is also acknowledged
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-Environment-
ex. diet may affect height
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| 124 |
Phenotype
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-expressed through observable characteristics and behaviors
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| 125 |
Genotype
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-genetic heritance you received at moment of conception
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| 126 |
3 laws of behavioral genetics
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1.all behaviors are heritable :doesn't mean they are but can be
2.the effect of being raised...
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| 127 |
Heritability
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-amount of variability in a trait that is attributed to hereditary influence
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| 128 |
Methods to determine heritability
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-selective breeding experiments (animals)
-maze bright and maze dull rats
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| 129 |
Family Studies
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-compare members of family who live together
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| 130 |
Family study methods
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-twin design
-adoption design
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| 131 |
twin design
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-are identical twins reared together more similar than fraternal twins reared together
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| 132 |
-Adoption design
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-are adopted children similar to biological parents or adoped parents
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| 133 |
Concordance rates
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-percentage of pairs of people in which both members display a trait
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| 134 |
Correlation coefficient
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-how strong a contirbution of heridity to traits
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| 135 |
Non shared environmental influences
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-experiences unique to individual, not shared by other members of a family in same envrionment
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| 136 |
Shared environmental influences
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-experiences common to all family members in same environment
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| 137 |
Nature AND Nurture
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-important to describe how natre and nurture interact in development
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| 138 |
Canalization principle
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-genes restrict development to a small range of outcomes
-babbling is a highly canalized attribute
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| 139 |
Range-of-Reaction princple
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-genes set boundaries for range of phenotypes based on environment
-not as rigid
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| 140 |
Genotype and Environment may be correlated
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-passive genotype/environment correlations
-evocative genotype/environment correlations
-active...
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| 141 |
Alternative methods of conception
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-about 1/6 of couples are sterile
-many couples don't want to risk pregnancy
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| 142 |
Alternative method: Adoption
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-legal contract
-international adoptions of children with disabilites is more common now than...
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| 143 |
Reproductive technologies
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Donor insemination:
-anonymous sperm injected into a women
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| 144 |
Invitro Fertilization (test tubes)
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-hse of homrones to stimulate the development of many ova, then removed and sperm is added
-fertilized...
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| 145 |
Surrogate motherhood
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-woman is paid to carry a child for another couple
-in vitro fertilization with father's sperm
-illegal...
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| 146 |
Donor insemination
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-customers can select sperm on the basis of physical characteristics including IQ and designer...
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| 147 |
Teratogens
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-agents that cause abnormal development in the fetus
-can have physical effects or psychological...
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| 148 |
Teratogens (Thalidomide)
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-a sedative used in the 50's and 60's to help pregnant woman with morning sickness
-caused...
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| 149 |
Drug affects in pregnancy: Aspirin, Caffeine
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Aspirin: low birth weight, death around time of birth, poorer motor developemtn and low IQ
Caffeine:...
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| 150 |
Infants who are often born drug-addicted
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-cocaine
-crack
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| 151 |
Father's contribution to negative effects of illegal drugs
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-cocain may attech itself to sperm
-difficult to precise impact of cocaine
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| 152 |
Teratogens: tobacco
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-low birth weight, increase chance of prematuiry, impaired breathing during sleep, miscarraige
-short...
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| 153 |
Teratogens: Alcohol
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-Fetal Alcohol Syndrom FAS
-mental retardation, impaired motor coordination, attention and...
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| 154 |
Radiation
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-can harm the embryo
-even when they seem normal, problems appear later on
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| 155 |
Teratogens: Pollution
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-polution of many dangerous chemical released into the environment
-Lead: anemia, hearing...
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| 156 |
Teratogens: Maternal Disease
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Bacterial and Parasitic disease : uncooked food
Excercose: regular excercise related to increased...
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| 157 |
Maternal Emotional Stress
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-when mother experiences fear and axiety, blood su[pply increases to the brain, heart, and...
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| 158 |
Maternal Age and birth
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-30-40s greater risk of inferitility, miscarriage and chromosomal defects
-older women w/little...
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| 159 |
Piaget's theory
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-genetic epistemology
-intelligence
-adaptation
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| 160 |
Genetic epistemology
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-how kids become to know the world
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| 161 |
Intelligence
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-adaptation to the environment
-achieving cognitive equilibrium
-child as a constructivist
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| 162 |
Cognitive Equilibrium
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-at a certain point you have sufficient mental understanding of things in your environment
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| 163 |
Constructivist
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-we are passive recipients of our environments, affected of thigns happen ing to us. Piaged...
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| 164 |
Basic Concepts
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-adaptation
-assimilation
-accomodation
-organization
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| 165 |
Adaptation
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-building schemes through direct interaction with the environment. Learning fromthe world and...
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| 166 |
Assimilation
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-use current schemes to make sense of the world
(stage of cognitive equilibrium)
ex. Dog-->...
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| 167 |
Accomodation
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-create new schemes (or adjust old ones)
(state of cognitive disequilibrium)
Ex. Horse is...
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| 168 |
Organization
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-combining schemes into more complex intellectual structures
Ex. how we combine basic motor...
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| 169 |
Promotes adaptation
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-combining early reflexes into goal-directed reaching
It's a bird! It's a plane!
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| 170 |
Equilibrium
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-bc familiar with an object, they think all objects that look similar are the same object
Ex....
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| 171 |
Disequilibrium
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-notice that object has different features
Ex. Planes don't have feathers, therefore it isn't...
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| 172 |
Organization forms
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-hierarchal scheme with super ordinate class (flying objects) and subordinate classes (birds...
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| 173 |
Piaget's stages of cognitive development
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-happens in a stage-like way, everyone in the world goes through it the same way and there...
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| 174 |
Four stages of cognitive development
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-Sensorimotor
-Preoperational
-Concrete Operational
-Formal operational
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| 175 |
Sensorimotor
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-0-2 years old
-lasts until you can mentally representative objects in your mind
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| 176 |
Preoperational
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-2-7 years of age
-not able to apply logic to mental representations
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| 177 |
Concrete Operational
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-7-11 years old
-able to represent logic through mental representaions are able to learn throguh...
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| 178 |
Formal operational
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-11-12 years of age
-able to learn through abstract potential outlooks
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| 179 |
Sensorimotor
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-kids learn through the world by basic interpretation
-able to reflect on objects that aren't...
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| 180 |
Substages of Sensorimotor
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-circular reactions
-focus on infants own body
-then focus on object manipulation
-finally...
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| 181 |
6 substages of Sensorimotor
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-Reflex activity
-Primary Circular Reaction
-Secondary Circular Reaction
-Coordination of...
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| 182 |
Reflex Activity
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- 0-1 years of age
-Newborn reflexes
During this substage, the child understands the environment...
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| 183 |
Primary Circular Reaction
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-1-4 years of age
-Motor activities centered around own body
- involves coordinating...
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| 184 |
Secondary Circular Reaction
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-4-8 years of age
-activities centered on objects
- child becomes more focused on the...
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| 185 |
Coordination of Secondary Schemes
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-8-12 years of age
-Goal directed behaviour
-child starts to show clearly intentional actions.
-...
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| 186 |
Tertiary Circular Reaction
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-12-18 years of age
-performing novel action to explore objects
- period of trial-and-error...
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| 187 |
Mental Combinations
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-18-24 years of age
-mental repre.of objects and events
- begin to develop symbols to...
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| 188 |
Milestones in Sensorimotor Stage
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-development of imitation
-deferred imitation
-development of object permanence
-things...
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| 189 |
Development of immitation
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-deferred imitation didn't fully emerge until second year of life
-able to recal and engage...
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| 190 |
Deferred Imitation
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-throught to emerge 18-24 months
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| 191 |
Development of Object Permanence
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-things continue to exist when they are not physically present
-true object permanence doesn't...
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| 192 |
Sensorimotor Stage
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-challenges to Piaget's conception of infancy
-Neo-nativists
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| 193 |
Object Permanence
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-objects continue to exist when masked by others
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| 194 |
Piaget studied manual search - underestimate competence
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-manual abilities may be poor
-may not understand how to search
-motivational factors
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| 195 |
Renee Baillargeon Preoperation Stage
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-use of symbol increases- preconceptual period
-symbolic function
-symbolic/pretend play
-intuitive...
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| 196 |
Preoperational Stage
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-deficits in reasoning
- Animism/Egocentrism
-Centration
-Appearance/relation distinction
-conservation
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| 197 |
Animism
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-belief that inanimate objects are alive and as such have life-like qualities such as egocentrism.
|
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| 198 |
Egocentrism
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-unable to hold mental idea of the world other than how they see it
|
|
| 199 |
Centration
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-ability to broaden perspective is compromised
|
|
| 200 |
Conservation
|
-ability to understand the manipulation of matter in objects
-think that the taller glass...
|
|
| 201 |
Concrete operational Stage
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-bound by things in their perceptual field
-think more logically about real objects and experience
-able...
|
|
| 202 |
Able to conserve
|
-understand that things of different shapes doesn't make it different size
-it shows reversibility...
|
|
| 203 |
Mental Seriation
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-able to organize things mentally
|
|
| 204 |
Transitive inference
|
-form of inferential reasoning
Ex. if A > B and B > C , then you can conclude without...
|
|
| 205 |
Formal Operational Stage
|
--think more rational and systematic about abstract concepts and hypothetical events
-hypothetico...
|
|
| 206 |
Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
|
-gather hypothesis from theory and test hypothesis
-have to be able to think about potential...
|
|
| 207 |
inductive reasoning
|
-process by which a conclusion is drawn about the probability of psychological phenomena, based...
|
|
| 208 |
Formal Operational Stage- 3 things change in adolescence
|
-adolescencts begin to think more abstractly, they can think independently of concrete objects
-they...
|
|
| 209 |
Piaget suggested two substages of Formal Reasoning:
|
-almost full function (11-14)
-full function (15 and up)
|
|
| 210 |
Formal Substages
|
-many older adolescents and adults do not use formal reasoning and people tend to abondon it...
|
|
| 211 |
formal operations
|
-many adolescents are able to consider many possibilities
-able to explore one by one
|
|
| 212 |
Consequences of Absract Thought
|
-argumentativness
-self-consciousness and self-focusing
-sensitivity to criticisms
-personal...
|
|
| 213 |
Piaget's Theory- contributions
|
-founded discipline of cognitive development
-emphasized children's actiive involvment in...
|
|
| 214 |
Founded discipline of cognitive development
|
-founded whole idea of cognitive development
|
|
| 215 |
Emphasized children's active involvment in development
|
-kids aren't just passive recipients of information, they actively construct own understanding...
|
|
| 216 |
Attempted to explain; not just describe development
|
-tried to explain mechanisms that change over time due to exposure of new stimuli
|
|
| 217 |
Influenced other areas of development research
|
-social/emotional
-wrote about everything and inspired other research
|
|
| 218 |
Piaget.'s Theory: Challenges
|
-no competence/performance distinction: capable of doing under optimal performancecs
-assimilation,...
|
|
| 219 |
Information-Processing Theories
|
-treats organisms as adapting in evironment
|
|
| 220 |
Mechanistic understanding of the mind
|
-view children as undergoing continuous cognitive change, how change occurs
-describe how...
|
|
| 221 |
Cognitive growth is result of 3 processes working together
|
-basic processes
-use of strategies
-content knowledge
|
|
| 222 |
Basic Processes
|
-associating, encoding, recognizing, recalling, generalizing
-sensory mem, working mem, long-term...
|
|
| 223 |
Use of strategies
|
-rehearsal, selective atten, mnemoic techn.
-how we actively shape our decision making proc
-kids...
|
|
| 224 |
Content Knowledge
|
-scripts, analogical reas, autobiographical mem
-greater knowledge of world increa, ability...
|
|
| 225 |
Myelination
|
-covering of neurons with myelin, a fatty substance that insulates axon
-helps speed processing...
|
|
| 226 |
Experience and Brain maturation
|
-both are innate preprogrammed development, which play a role in changes in information processing
|
|
| 227 |
Multistore Model
|
-model of flow of information in thinking
-information flows through three main stores:
---sensory...
|
|
| 228 |
Sensory store
|
logs input
ability to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimulus...
|
|
| 229 |
Short-term store
|
-"working memory"
-holds information temporarily
-executes operations on information
|
|
| 230 |
Long-term Store
|
-relatively permanent storehouse of knowledge and info processing strategies acquired from...
|
|
| 231 |
Domain-specific knowledge
|
-many independent, specialized knowledge structures, rather than one cohesive knowledge structure....
|
|
| 232 |
Strategies
|
-Goal directed: deliberate mental operation to facilitate task performance
-prod. of deficiencies
-utilization...
|
|
| 233 |
Siegler's adaptive strategy choice model
|
-strategies compete through a process similar to natural selection
-organisms who adapt and...
|
|
| 234 |
Strategic memory
|
-conscious effort to retain or retrieve information
-includes mnemonics
|
|
| 235 |
Event memory
|
--long-term memory for events that have happened to you or information i have learned in the...
|
|
| 236 |
Fuzzy-Trace Theory
|
-people encode information on a continuum from verbatim to gist
|
|
| 237 |
Gist
|
-easily accessed
-require relatively little effort
|
|
| 238 |
Verbatim
|
-more susceptible to interference
-more easily forgotten: harder to track down info in memory...
|
|
| 239 |
Memory Strategies
|
-Rehearsal
-Organization
-Elaboration
|
|
| 240 |
Rehearsal
|
-repeated items over and over
-amount and type of rehearsal changes over childhood
-preschoolers...
|
|
| 241 |
Organization
|
-Semantically organized: lists organized in terms of meaning and grouping them together
|
|
| 242 |
Elaboration
|
-adding information or creating meaningful linkes between pieces of information
|
|
| 243 |
Event Memory
|
-object permanence: preferred imitation, object still eists even though you can't see it
-deferred...
|
|
| 244 |
Eyewitness Memory
|
-changes in eyewitness memory
--older children remember more details than younger
--prompting...
|
|
| 245 |
Eyewitness susceptibility
|
-suggestibility:
--all ages susceptible to false memories
-younger than 8-9 years are more...
|
|
| 246 |
Strategies
|
-goal-directed, deliberate mental operation to facilitate task performance
|
|
| 247 |
Early strategies
|
-production deficiencies
-utilization deficiencies
|
|
| 248 |
Attention Development
|
-planning attentional strategies: know what to look for (8)
-selective attention
-knowledge...
|
|
| 249 |
Core-Knowledge Theories
|
-children have innate cognitive capabilities
-children form informal theories to help them...
|
|
| 250 |
Informal Core-Knowledge Theories
|
-allow for inferences, what is true about one member of a category will most likely be true...
|
|
| 251 |
Principles of modularity- Domain specific
|
-results in domain specificity
-fast and mandatory
-restriction on information flow
-characteristic...
|
|
| 252 |
Domain Specificity
|
-special system dedicated to a particular domain (people, number, objects)
- system answers...
|
|
| 253 |
Fast and Mandatory
|
-exposure to particular stimuli, no decision, automatic process
-Ex. seeing faces in a particular...
|
|
| 254 |
Restriction on Information Flow
|
-information encapsulation and lack of access to interlevels
Ex. Hollow Mask illusion
|
|
| 255 |
Characteristic Breakdown
|
-Autism---lack Naive psychology
-progopagnosia- unable to recognizes faces or places
-not...
|
|
| 256 |
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Approach
|
-cogntiive dev. is driven by collaborative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society
-semiotic...
|
|
| 257 |
Collaborative Dialogues
|
-all cognitive processes are first interpersonal and then intrapersonal.
-all info forms from...
|
|
| 258 |
Semiotic Mediation
|
- stimulus-response process is replaced by a complex, mediated act
|
|
| 259 |
Sociocultural theory: Evaluate development using 4 levels of analysis
|
-Ontogenetic
-microgenetic
-phylogenetic
-sociohistorical
|
|
| 260 |
Ontogenetic Development
|
-studying the development of an individual over time, from conception to death
|
|
| 261 |
Microgentic Development
|
-learning a very discrete skill that we can watch develop over time
|
|
| 262 |
Phylogenetic Development
|
-looks over development of species over time as a function of changes in the environment
|
|
| 263 |
Sociohistorical Development
|
-how cognitive development changes as a function of socio-historical concepts
-look how kids...
|
|
| 264 |
Zone of proximal development
|
-what a person can do by themselves vs what a person can do with a skilled partner
-differences...
|
|
| 265 |
Scaffolding
|
-providing kids with tangible support that they can't do by themselves
-process of tutor tailoring...
|
|
| 266 |
Egocentric speech
|
-immature outgrowth of cognitive process that eventually matures to become social dialogue
|
|
| 267 |
Vygotsky's sociocultural theory
|
-cognitive devl varies across culture
-cogn. growth stems from social itneractions
-social...
|
|
| 268 |
Piaget's cognitive-development theory
|
-cogn. devel. is mostly universal across cultures
-cogn. devel. stems largely from indep....
|
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