Flashcard Set Preview
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Chemistry
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composition of substances and how they changeStudy of Matter
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Biochemistry
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Study of living organisms
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Matter
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Anything that has mass and takes up space
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Elements
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All matter is composed of fundamental substances called...(iron, copper, silver, gold, aluminum,...
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Compounds
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Chemical combinations of elements
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Bulk elements
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Large amounts of elements that the body require & make up more than 95%, by weight, of...
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Trace elements
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Small amounts of elements the body require.Many are important parts of enzymes & proteins.Ultra-trace...
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Atoms
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Composed of elements and are the smallest complete units of elements.Atoms vary in size, weight,...
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Chemical bonds
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Attraction of atoms that combine with like or unlike atoms
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Atomic Structure
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Nucleus (always positively charged because of protons)Electrons (e-) - move around nucleus;...
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Atomic Number
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The number of PROTONS in the atoms of an element.(p)
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Atomic Mass
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The weight of PROTONS and NEUTRONS(p + n)(Electrons are almost weightless)
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Isotopes
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SAME atomic NUMBER; DIFFERENT atomic MASS(Example: O16, O17, O18)unstable isotopes...
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Molecule
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a particle made up of 2 or more atoms
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Molecular formula
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A shorthand used to indicate the types of atoms & the numbers in a molecule. (Example: ...
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Bonds
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Atoms chemically combined with other atoms
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Electron shells
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Encircles one or more of the outer regions of the nucleus1st shell - 2 electrons (closest to...
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Octet rule
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Filled electron shells = stability of structureAfter the 1st shell, it takes 8 electrons to...
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Inert
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Atoms whose outermost electron shells are filled (stable) are chemically inactive (cannot form...
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Ions
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Electrically charged atoms (+ or -)
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Cations
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Positively charged ions
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Anions
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Negatively charged ions
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Ionic bond
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When + ions and - ions bond(Example: Na+Cl- , sodium chloride)
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Covalent bond
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A chemical bond between atoms that share electrons.
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Structural formulas
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Symbols and lines that show how atoms bond & are arranged.Single covalent bond: -H Double...
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1. Polar2. Polar Molecule
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1. Hydrophilic (water loving)2. molecule with a slightly negative end & slightly positive end;...
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Hydrogen bond
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Forms because of polar molecules:When H+ end of polar molecule bonds to N- or O- end of another...
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Chemical Reactions
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When chem. bonds form/break among atoms/ions/moleculesReactants: starting material (atoms,...
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Types of Chemical Reactions
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Synthesis Reaction (A + B --> AB)Decomposition Reaction (AB --> A + B)Exchange...
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Catalysts
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Molecules that influence rates (not direction) of chemical reactions, but are consumed in the...
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Acids, bases, salts (electrolytes)
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Electrolytes: substances that
release ions in water (salt)Acids: electrolytes that dissociate...
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Acid & base CONCENTRATIONS
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pH scale: indicates concentration of H+ ions in solutionNeutral: pH 7; equal concentration...
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Organic vs Inorganic
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Organic: Contain C & H; dissolve in water & organic liquidsincludes: carbohydrates, proteins,...
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Inorganic substances
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Water - 2/3 wt. of humans, absorbs/transports heat, important in transporting chemicals in...
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Organic Substances
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Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
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Organic SubstancesCarbohydrates
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Energy provider for cells, supply materials for ATP synthesis; water solubleSimple carbs: sugars...
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Organic SubstancesLipids
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Fats (triglycerides), phospholipids, steroids
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Organic SubstancesLipids Fats
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Fats (triglycerides): used * for
energy, has less O than carbs., 1 glycerol & 2 fatty acidssaturated...
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Organic SubstancesLipidsPhospholipids
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phospholipids: 1 gycerol & 2
fatty acids & 1 phosphate per molecule; hydrophilic/hydrophobic,...
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Organic SubstancesLipidsSteroids
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steroids: 4 connecting rings of
C, used for hormone synthesis; cholesterol used to synthesize...
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Organic SubstancesProteins - structure & function
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- Building blocks: Amino acids - held together by peptide bonds- Structural material ...
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Organic Substances - ProteinsFour Levels of Protein Structure
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1. Primary - oblong amino acids form polypeptide chain (pearl necklace)2. Secondary - polypeptide...
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Organic SubstancesNucleic Acids
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Nucleotides (1 sugar, 1 phosphate group, 1 nitrogenous base)DNA - double (helix) polynucleotideRNA...
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CT Scanning & PET Scanning
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- techniques used to give anatomical & physiological information, respectively- CT scanning...
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