Flashcard Set Preview
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| 1 |
Language Comprehesion
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Refers to understanding what others say (or sign or write)
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Language production
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Refers to actually speaking to others
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Critical/Sensitive Period
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The period in which children should be exposed to language and should have developed language....
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Phonology
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The structure of sounds that can be used to produce worsds in a language.
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Phonemes
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The basic building blocks of speech sounds
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How many phonemes do humans use cross-culturally
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120
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What are the two factors that humans depend on to create phonemes?
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a. being able to hear others say the phonemes
b. listening to others use language.
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Are humans prewired to be able to distinguish words from other sounds?
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Yes
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| 9 |
Syntax
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The rules for combining different types of words into meaningful phrases and sentences.
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| 10 |
Holographic Speech
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One word sentences that may refer to many different ideas. For example, "Juice" meaning "I...
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Telegraphic Speech
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Simple 2 or 3 word sentences with only main words. For example, "Go Sleep" or "give Juice"
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| 12 |
Overregularization Errors
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Errors in which newly learned rules are misapplied. For example, "runned", "goed," or "foots".
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Overextension Errors
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Errors in which a word is used to refer to all similar objects. For example, child says "dog"...
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Underextension
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Use word only to refer to specifc object. For example, toy car is only "car"
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| 15 |
Semantics
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the meaning of words, phrases or sentences.
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Morphemes
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Smallest units of meaning in a language
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Free morphemes
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morphemes that can stand alone (cat, go, pencil, baby)
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Bound morphemes
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morphemes that cannot stand alone and change the meaning of free morphemes (-ed, -s, un-)
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| 19 |
Fast Mapping
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The process of rapidly learning a new word simply from the contrastive use of a familiar and...
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| 20 |
The whole-object assumption
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leads children to expect a novel word to refer to a whole object, not a part
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| 21 |
Mutual Exculsivity Assumption (aka novel name - nameless category principle)
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leads children to expects that a given entity will have only one name
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| 22 |
Pragmatic Cues
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aspects of the social context used for word learning.
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Pragmatic cues include:
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the adult's focus of attention and intentionality.
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linguistic context
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novel words appear to help infer their meaning.
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sytactic bootstrapping
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a strategy in which children use the grammatical structure of whole sentences to figure out...
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| 26 |
Pragmatics
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the way that language conveys meaning indirectly, by implying rather than directly stating...
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Example of Pragmatics
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If you get a call asking "Is your Mom home?" What is Implied?
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Infant-Directed Speech
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the distinctinve mode of speech that adults adopt when talking to babies and very young children.
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Characteristics of Infant-Directed Speech
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A warm affectionate tone, high pitched "cued", exaggerated intonation, exaggerated facial expressions,...
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| 30 |
0-3 months (LD)
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a. Aware of and have preference for human sounds at birth
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| 31 |
4-6 months (LD)
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a. babbling develops
i. starts with mostly vowels, few consonants
ii....
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0-2 months (LD)
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cries, grunts
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2 months (LD)
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cooing (vowel sounds) - learn to attract attention with sounds
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5 months (LD)
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infants attend to their own name out of background conversations
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6 months (LD)
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babbling uses all 120+ phonemes
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| 36 |
At what period do deaf children BEGIN to babble?
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4-6 months
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| 37 |
At what age do deaf children babbling begin to drop out?
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12 months
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| 38 |
6-7 months
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infants begin producing drawn out vowel sounds
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| 39 |
7-9 months
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continued babbling
i. babbling begins to take on phonemes found in language...
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7-8 months (LD)
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infants readily learn to recognize new words. i. In general, infants are...
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| 41 |
When do adults believe the child babbling represents words?
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7-9 months
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| 42 |
When does word recognition begin
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7-9 months
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| 43 |
When do infants first recognize, then comprehend them, then begin to produce some of the words...
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7-9 months
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| 44 |
10 months (LD)
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children in the U.S. have comprehension vocabularies of about 11-100 words
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12 to 13 months (LD)
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first words appear; first words are labels for familiar objects
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10-14 months (LD)
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still a lot of babbling
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| 47 |
Vocables
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reserving sounds for particular situations (10-14 months)
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| 48 |
When is pronunciation still very difficult for children? For example, children will say...
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10-14 months
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| 49 |
On average, when do children say their first words?
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12-13 months
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| 50 |
On average, when do children experience a spurt in their vocabulary?
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19 months
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| 51 |
On average, when do children begin to produce simple sentences?
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24 months
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| 52 |
18 months (LD)
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1. vocab up to 20-50 words; Occ. 2 or 3 sentence words.2. understand communication for getting...
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24 months (LD)
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1. vocab from 50-400 words2. babbling is rare3. words not used very accurately--> misuse...
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2 years to 6 years (LD)
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Big gains in vocabulary--> 2-year-olds have about 300 words, by 6.5 years vocabulary may...
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