Flashcard Set Preview
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scientific method
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a five-step process for empirical investigation of a hypothesis under conditions designed to...
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empirical investigation
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an approach to reserach that relies on sensory experience and observation as research data
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theory
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a testable explanation for a set of facts orobservations. in science, a theory...
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hypothesis
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a statement predicting the outcome of scientific study; a statement describing the relationship...
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operational definitions
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specific descriptions of concepts involving the conditions of a scientific study. operational...
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independent variable (iv)
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a stimulus condition so named because the experimenter changes it independently of all the...
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random presentation
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a process by which chance alone determines the order in which the stimulus is presented
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data
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pieces of information, especially information gathered by a aresearcher to be used in testing...
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dependent variable (dv)
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the measured outcome of a study; the responses of subjects ina study
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replicate
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in research, this refers to doing a study over to see whether the same results are obtained. ...
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experiment
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a kind of research in which the researcher controls all the conditions and directly manipulates...
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confounding or extraneous variables
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variables that have an unwanted influence o the outcome of an experiment
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controls
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constraints that the experimenter places on the experiment to ensure that each subject has...
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random assignment
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each subject of the sample has an equal likelihood of being chosen for the experimental group...
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ex post facto
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research in which we choose subjects based on a pre-existing condition
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correlational study
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a type of research that is mainly statistical in nature. correlational studies edetermine...
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survey
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a quasi-experimantal method in which questions are asked to subjects. when designing...
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naturalistic observation
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a reseach method in which subjects are observed in their natural environment
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longitudinal study
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a type of study in which one group of subjects is followed and observed (or examined, sruveyed,...
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cross-sectional study
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a study in which a representative cross section of the population is tested or surveyed at...
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cohort-sequential study
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a research method in which a cross section of the population is chosen and then each cohort...
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personal bias
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the researcher allowing personal beliefs to affect the outcome of a study
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expectancy bias
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the researcher allowing his or her expectations to affect the outcome of a study
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double-blind study
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an experimetnal procedure in which both researchers and participants are uninformed about the...
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institutional review board (irb)
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a committee at each institution where research is conducted to review every experiment for...
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institutional animal care and use committee (iacuc)
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a committee at each institution where research is conducted to review every experiment involving...
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frequency distribution
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a summary chart, showing how frequently each of the various scores in a set of data occurs
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histogram
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a bar graph depicting a frequency of distribution. the height of the bars indicates the...
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descriptive statistics
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statistical precedures used to describe characteristics and responses of groups of subjects
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mean
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the measure of central tendency most often used to describe a set of data calculated by adding...
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median
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a measure of central tendency for a distribution, represented by the score that separates the...
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mode
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a measure of the central tendency for a distribution, represented by the score that occurs...
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range
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the simplest measure of variability, represented by the difference between the highest and...
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standard deviation (sd)
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a measure of variability that indicates the average difference between teh scores and their...
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normal distribution
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a bell-shaped curve, describing teh spread of a characteristic throughout a population
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correlation
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a relationship between variables, in which changes in one variable are reflected in changes...
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correlation coefficient
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a number between -1 and +1 expressing the degree of relationship between two variables
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inferential statistics
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statistical techniques (based on probability theory) used to assess whether the reults of a...
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random sample
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a sample group of subjects selected by chance (without biased selection techniques)
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representative sample
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a sample obtained in such a way that it reflects the distribution of important variables in...
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significant difference
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psychologists accept a difference between the groups as "real," or significant, when the probability...
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