Flashcard Set Preview
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| 1 |
Levels of Explanation
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rungs on a ladder with lower biological and higher social influences (high-social levels to...
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psychology
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scientific study of the mind, brain, and behavior
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psychology's complications
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1. multiply determined (behavior difficult to predict due to many factors) 2. individual differences...
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multiply determined
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caused by many factors
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single-variable explanations
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explanations that try ti account for complex behaviors in terms of only a single cause
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individual differences
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variations among people in their thinking, emotion, and behavior
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naive realism
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belief that we see the world precisely as it is
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confirmation bias
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tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypotheses and neglect or distort evidence...
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belief perseverance
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tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them
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scientific theory
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explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world....explains many events/observations
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hypothesis
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testable prediction derived from a scientific theory
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science
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an approach to evidence
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pseudoscience
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set of claims that seems scientific but isn't
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apophenia
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tendency to perceive meaningful connections among unrelated phenomena
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metaphysical claims
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assertions about the world that are not testable
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Negative effects of Pseudoscience
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1. opportunity costs- forgo effective treatments 2. direct harm 3. inability to think scientifically
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scientific skepticism
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approach of evaluating all claims with an open mind but insisting on persuasive evidence before...
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critical thinking
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set
of skills for evaluating all claims in an open-minded and careful
fashion...help for...
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the six scientific thinking principles
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1. ruling out rival hypotheses (medicine might not help, maybe the person expects to get better)...
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variable
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anything that can vary
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correlation-causation fallacy
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error of assuming that because one thing is associated with another, it must cause the other
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falsifiable
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capable of being disproved
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replicability
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when a study's findings are able to be duplicated, ideally by independent investigators
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Occam's Razor
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if two explanations are equally well for a phenomenon, one should choose to select the more...
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introspection
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method by which trained observers carefully reflect and report on their mental experiences
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5 theoretical perspectives
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structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, psychoanalysis, and cognitivism
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structuralism
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(Titchener) school of psychology that aimed to identify the basic elements of psychological...
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functionalism
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(James) school of psychology that aimed to understand the adaptive purposes of psychological...
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behaviorism
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(Watson & Skinner) school of psychology that focuses on uncovering the general laws of...
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cognition
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mental processes involved in different aspects of thinking
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psychoanalysis (psychodynamic perspective)
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school of psychology, founded by Sigmund, Freud, that focuses on internal psychological processes...
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cognitivism (cognitive perspective)
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(Piaget & Neisser) school of psychology to examine the role of mental processes on behavior...and...
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clinical psychologist
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assess,
diagnose, and treat mental disorders for colleges/universities, mental health
centers,...
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counseling psychologist
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works
with people with self-contained life problems for counseling, hospitals, or
private...
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school psychologist
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work
with teachers, parents, and children to remedy students' difficulty, separate
from educational...
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developmental psychologist
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study
how and why people change over time and change on processes over time
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experimental psychologist
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use
research methods to study memory, language, thinking, and social behaviors of
humans...
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biological psychologist
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examine
the physiological bases of behavior in animals and humans, mostly research
settings,...
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forensic psychologist
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work
in prisons, jails, etc to assess and diagnose inmates and assist with their
rehabilitation...
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industrial/organizational psychologist
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work
in companies/business to help select productive employees, evaluate
performance, examine...
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nature vs nurture debate
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behavior attributed
to genes or environment
-behavior
was a product of genes and learning...
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| 42 |
evolutionary psychology
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discipline that applies Darwin's theory of natural selection to human and animal behavior
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free will-determinism debate
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freely selected choices or choices lie outside our control
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Basic Research
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research examining how the mind works
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Applied Research
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research examining how we can use basic research to solve real-world problems
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psychobiological perspective- (aka
biopsychological or neuroscientific)
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focus on genes,
neurochemicals, brain structure and connections
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