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CHAPTER 5: The American Revolution
(notes)
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Two struggles after 7 years war:
1. military conflict w/ great brit.
2. political struggle within america
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military conflict: technology was not accurate, guns and cannons could only be fired at a short distance, bad weather fighting was impossible. the american's brutal fighting made them finally overpower GB.
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Political conflict: demand independence? how should the gov't be run?
thomas paine: shaped amer. rev.. claimed that it was the biggest event of enlightenment.
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Disadvantages of amer.: 1/3 pop as britain inferior military and economic sources.
-2nd Cont. Congress meets and agrees on war, disagreed on the war's purpose. one side wanted complete independence the otherwanted reforms.
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Common sense: thomas paine, propagandist for revolution. persuades people to think the both the king and parliament are the reason for every problem.
prohibitory act-amer. opens ports to all nations except brit.
Declaration of independence: july 2 1776, approved july 4
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Colonies began to call themselves states, individual gov't apart form england increased.
1781: most states had their own constitutions
-balance the commitment to state and local autonomy agaisnt the need for some centralized authority
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Articles of confederation: november 1777
WAR: difficult for amer. to find the supplies they needed bc they no longer had the trade with britain. relied heavily on captured equip. france supplied a HUGE portion. financing was the biggest problem.congress had no power to levy taxes. issued paper money to raise economy.INFLATION was the result.
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America finaly got its money by borrowing in large sums from other countries. most americans did not want to join the army, congress forced a draft. george wash. comander of the continental army.
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Advantages of the americans: fighting on home ground, british did not have the instantanious access to supplies, they had the most heart in the war(english cit. could care less). France wanted to weaken england so they helped american for imperial supremacy.
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FIRST PHASE: New England;
Battle of Bunker Hill- june 17, 1775.
invasion of canada- americans hoped to remove the british threat and win the canadians to their cause.
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SECOND PHASE: The Mid- Atlantic Region;1776- 1778. brit in best possible position to win. William Howe invades New York Harbor
Brants persuade indians in north to fight agaisnt the british.
benjamin franklin becomes the diplomat in france.
with the victory at saratoga, france finally recognizes america as a nation and began a huge shipment of supplies to assist them.
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FINAL PHASE: The South; Arnold benedict betrays the americans, convinced they are going to lose, and begins to fight for britain. dec 29,1778 brits capture Savannah, georgia. may 12, 1780 capture port of charleston. Britiish harrassed by guerilla warfare.
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Treaty of Paris: september 3, 1783. preliminary peace treaty between america and britain recognizing independence.
Tories: many fled america and left behind significant estates that changed the remaining citizens' social status.
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Anglicans suffered greatly from the revolution.
IMPROVED ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. due to french influence during revolution(catholic country).
Father John Caroll named head of cath. ch in america by pope.
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"noble savages", Thomas Jefferson. uncivilized on their present state but redeemable if they were willing to adapt to the norms of white society.
revolution also changed the lives of women:
impovershed women due to their husbands dying. women also travelled with the army performing laundry, cooking, and mending duties. they also improved the morale despite the army's negative comments about them (camp followers).
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Molly pitcher: carried pitchers of water to the soldiers on the battle field. took her husban's place when she saw him die in war.
pre revolution, married women had absolutely no rights, including divorce rights. after teh rev. only this right changed, however, voting, property ownership, etc did not change.
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Trade post revolution: trade with england impossible. however, with the navigation acts cancelled, new nations were available to america.
persistant inequality:
-all whites had citizenship
-blacks had none
-women remained politically and economically subordinate
-no aristocrasy
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Articles of confederation: 1777;
-did not have the power to levy taxes, have power to regulate trade, or draft troops.
-had to make formal requests to the states to ask to tax, states could vote to veto it.
- nothing ever got done
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Large states: rep. for the population size
small states: insited on equal state representation
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