Flashcard Set Preview
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Cellular/Aerobic Respiration
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-flow of electrons, through or within membrane from reduced coenzymes to an electron acceptor,...
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terminal electron acceptor?
reduced acceptor?
Occurs in?
Yields how many ATP?
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-Terminal electron acceptor is O2, reduced form of acceptor is water
-Occurs in Mitochondrion
-Yields...
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4 steps of Aerobic respiration
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1. Glycolysis
2. Tricarboxylic acid (TCA/Krebs) cycle
3. Electron Transport
4. Oxidative...
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What does the TCA/Krebs cycle do?
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oxidizes incoming Carbon atoms into CO2, conserves energy as reduced coenzyme molecules
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What does the Electron Transport do? a and b?
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a. transfer of e- from reduced coenzymes to O2
b. coupled with active transport/pumping of...
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What does Oxidative Phos. do?
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proton gradient driven O2- dependent ATP synthesis
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Prominance of mitochondria
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-in both chemotrophic & phototrophic org's
-phototrophic org's also do aerobic respiration...
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Outer membrane of mitoch.
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-phospholipid synthesis
-fatty acid desaturation
-fatty acid elongation
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Inner membrane of mito
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-Electron transport
-Oxidative phosphorylation
-Metabolite transport
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Matrix of mito
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-Pyruvate oxidation
-TCA Cycle
- (beta) oxidation of fats
-DNA replication
-RNA syn (transcription)
-Protein...
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TCA/Krebs Cycle
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At TCA step 5 GTPis made in animal cells, ATP is generated in bacteria and plant mito-energetically...
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(structure of FAD, its oxidation& reduction)
Glycolysis and TCA Cycle
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Glucose + 10NAD+ +2FAD + 4ADP + Pi ------->
6CO2 + 10NADH + 2FADH2 + 4ATP
-Only...
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Allosteric Regulation of the TCA Cycle
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allosteric reg of 4 key enzymes-reversible binding of effector molecules-to activate of inhibit...
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Central role of TCA Cycle
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-fat & protein catabolism
-alternative fuel
-fat-more energy/gram when oxidized than...
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TCA major fct (3)?
-precursors for?
-plants?
-convert fat to?
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-catabolism
-also source of precursors (4-6 Carbon) for anabolic pathways
-Amphibolic pathway...
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Electron Transport System
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Multistep process of coenzyme reoxidation with a series of electron transfer rxns in incremements...
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Electron Trans System occurs where?
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within membrane-use protein carriers with specfic prosthetic groups-get reversible oxidation...
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Flavoproteins
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membrane bound
-flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) or flavin mononucleotide (FMN) prosthetic...
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Iron-sulfur proteins
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-non-heme membrane iron proteins have iron-sulfur (Fe-S) center, oxidation of Fe3+ to reduced...
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Cytochrome
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-have heme, b, c1, a, a3 - part of integral membrane protein
-c-peripherial membrane protein-...
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Copper containing cytochromes
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cytochrome a, a3, have 1 copper atom bound to heme group-assoc w/iron-form bimettalic iron-copper...
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Coenzyme Q (CoQ)
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only on-protein component of ETS- it is a quoinine- ubiquitious (ubiquinone),
-not part of...
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When CoQ reduced to CoQH2
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-always accept H+ from 1 side of membrane, diffuses across membrane to outer surface where...
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cytochrome c oxidase
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at end of transport system (terminal oxidase) directly transfer e- to O2 - critical link between...
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Cyanide & azide ions
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highly toxic to aerobic cells-bind to iron-copper center of cytochrome c oxidase-block e- transport-...
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Coenzyme (quinone) & cytochrome c
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small mobile intermediates transfer e- between complexes
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Affinity of a compund has for electron
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how easily cmpd will gain electrons and become reduced, measured in volts.
(substances/proteins...
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Respiratory complexes
mito membranes
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-move freely w/in inner mito membrane
-high ratio of unsaturated to saturated phospholipids,...
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ETS generates...
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electrochemical proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis- coupled (mutually dependent) rxns
(intermembranse...
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ATP Synthesis- Oxidative Phosphorylation
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F0F1- coupling factors, oxidation-in inner mito membrane
F0- proton translocator-protons flow...
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Binding-Change Model for ATP Syn by the (beta=B) Subunits of the F0F1 Complex
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1) B1 starts at Open conformation- ADP + Pi can enter (low affinity), protons flow through...
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(continued)
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4) B1 becomes loose conformation, higher affinity- bind ADP + Pi
5) After B2 generates ATP,...
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(continued)
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7) Same events for B2 and B3
8) 1 complete 360 revolution of (y) subunit makes 3 ATP, 1 each...
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Bacteriorhodopsin Proton Pump of Halobacteria
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-When lack oxygen, normal oxy-driven metabolism that produces energy is blocked
-Uses ligh...
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Dynamics of Electrochemical Proton Gradient
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-Produce 3 ATP for each NADH, 2 ATP, for FADH2
-Aerobic Respiration substrates- carbs, fats...
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Max theoretical ATP Yield from Aerobic Oxidaiton of Glucose
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-Glycolysis (cytosol) + TCA (mito matrix) yield 4 ATP, 2 +8NADH + 2 FADH2
-If all 10NADH go...
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(cont'd) However...
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-However, 2 NADH from glycolysis cannot enter mito bcuz no carrier for NADH or NAD+ - so cannot...
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Electrons Shuttle Systems
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-e- from cytosolic NADH transferred into mito using:
--Malate-aspartate shuttle using NADH...
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