Cell Biology Chapter 2

The type of chemical bond in which electron pairs are shared between two atoms.

The atom with the greater attractive force; the atom that can capture the major share of electrons of a covalent bond.

Molecules with an uneven distribution of charge because the component atoms have different electronegativities.

Molecules with a symmetric distribution of charge because the component atoms have approximately the same electronegativities.

An atom or molecule with a net positive or negative charge because it has lost or gained one or more electrons during a chemical reaction.

An ionized atom or molecule with a net negative charge.

An ionized atom or molecule with an extra positive charge.

A relatively weak chemical bond based on attractive forces between oppositely charged regions within a molecule or between two nearby molecules.

Highly reactive atom or molecule that contains a single unpaired electron.

A noncovalent bond occurring between oppositely charged ions, also called a salt bridge.

The weak, attractive interaction between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom and a second electronegative atom.

The tendency of polar molecules to interact with surrounding water molecules, which are also polar; derived from "water loving".

The tendency of nonpolar molecules to aggregate so as to minimize their collective interaction with surrounding polar water molecules; derived from "water fearing".

Activation of the expression of a diverse array of genes in repsonse to temperature elevation. The products of these genes, including molecular chaperones, help the organism recover from the damaging effects of elevated temperature.

A weak attractive force due to transient asymmetries of charge within adjacent atoms or molecules.