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The CV system provides of the needs of the tissues to:
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transport materialsremove wastes
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blood supply to systemic organs is arranged by _ circuits. What does this mean?
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parallel.this means that blood flow to each organ can be controlled independently. It follows...
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Responsible for most of the resistance to blood flow
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Arterioles
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5 components of the CV system
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1) A pump which can simultaneously perfuse the pulmonary and systemic circulations2) blood to...
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3 most common areas for automatic cells
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SA node, AV node, Purkinje fibers
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Steps of cardiac conduction system
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1) SA node generates impulse, atrial excitation begins.2) Impulse delayed at AV node 3)...
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Basic ECG:1) P-wave2) QRS complex3) T wave
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1) depolarization of atria2) depolarization of ventricles3) Repolarization of ventricles
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Systole
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period of contraction and emptying (atrial and ventricular)
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Diastole
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Period of relaxing and filling (atrial and ventricular)
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Stroke volume (SV)
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Quantity of blood pumped out of either venitrcle per beat. Normal SV at rest is 70mL/beat
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Heart Rate (HR)
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number of times the heart beats per minute. Normal adult at rest is 60-100 bpm
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Venous Return (VR)
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Quantity of blood returned to the heart per minute. Normally, VR = CO
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End Diastolic Volume (EDV)
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quantity of blood remaining in either ventricle at the end of diastole (right before systole...
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End Systolic Volume (EDV)
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Quantity of blood remaining ineither ventricle at the end of systole .
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Cardiac Output (CO)
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Quantity of blood pumped by the ventricles per minute. At rest normal is 5L/min
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Cardiac output (CO) = ?
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CO = HR X SV
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CO and HRWhat do the SNS (NE) and Adrenal Medulla Hormones (Epi and NE) do?
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1) Increase the firing of the SA node2) Increase the spread of electrical impulses through...
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CO and HRWhat does the ParaNS (via Ach) do to the heart?
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1) Decreases the firing of the SA node2) Decreases the spread of electrical impulses through...
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CO and SV Pre-load1) What is preload?2) What is it directly influenced by?3) What are the effects...
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1) Preload is the "load" or "stretch" on the ventricular cardiac muscle before it contracts.2)...
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What is the Frank-Starling Law of the Heart?
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Within physiological limits, the more the ventricles are filled during diastole, the more blood...
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CO and SV Cardiac Contractility1) An increase in cardiac contractility is an increase in ___. 2)...
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1) contractile strength (independent of Starling's Law)2) ESV and EV3) positive inotropic
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CO and SV afterload1) What is afterload?
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1) The "load" the heart must overcome after (and while) it contracts.Afterload is essentially...
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| 23 |
This explains why high blood pressure can be deadly.
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Afterload
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BP = ?CO = ?
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BP = CO X TPR (total peripheral resistance)CO = HR X SV
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Location of baroreceptors
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Population of baroreceptors reside on the walls of the carotid arteries and aorta
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Explain the effects of Baroreceptor Reflexes on blood pressure
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1) What percent of body weigh does blood make up?2) What makes up blood?
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1) 8% (males 5-6L; females 4-5 L)2) Formed elements and plasma
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Contents of plasma
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H2O, Solutes, Plasma Proteins (Albumin, Fibrinogen, Globulin)
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Contents of formed elements of blood
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Erythrocytes (RBCs), Leukocytes (WBCs), and Thrombocytes (platelets)
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| 30 |
Describe the stem cells in bone marrow
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1) The bone marrow contains mulipotent uncomitted stem calls (pluripotential stem cells) that...
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Pluripotential stem cell that will give rise to many progenitor stem cells (inclduing myeloblasts,...
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Hemocytoblasts
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Contents of WBCs
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1) Granulocytes (polymorphonuclear leukocytes PMNs) -Neutrophils, Eosinophils,...
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Function of Granulocytes
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1) granules contain biologically active substances involved with inflammatory and allergic...
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Function of Monocytes
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1) Circulate for approx. 72 hours2) Enter tissues and become tissues
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Function of Lymphocytes
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1) Key element in the production of immunity2) Some are formed in bone marrow, but most are...
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Structure of Erythrocyte
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1) binconcave discs (red cheerios) having a diameter of 7- and thickness of 2.0-2.2- this enables...
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Erythropoiesis
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Under the control of erythropoietn (a hormone release by the kidneys)
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Hypoxia and Erythropoesis
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1) Hypoxemia2) Sensed by liver and kidneys3) secretion of erythropoietin4) Stimulation of red...
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RBC degredation
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1) Expired erythrocytes break up in liver and spleen2) hemoglobin is degraded to heme or globin3)...
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2 functions of RBCs
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1) transport of O2 in the blood2) transport of CO2 in the blood
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RBCs transport of O2 in the blood
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1) Dissolved in plasma (outside RBC) - 1.5%2) Bound to hemoglobin (inside RBC) - 98.5%oxyhemoglobin-...
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RBCs transport of CO2 in the blood
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hemoglobin transports 30% of the total amount of CO2 produced by the body- this is called carbaminohemoglobin...
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Platelets
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1) Platelets are not really cells, but instead fragments of cells2) they split from huge cells...
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Hemostasis Vasocontriction (Vascular Spasm)
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- the smooth muscle in damaged vessels contracts immediately producing local vasoconstriction-...
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Hemostasis Platelet Plug Formation
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- characterized by the aggregation of platelets - platelets stick to exposed collagen,...
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Hemostasis- Coagulation Phase
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- Occurs either to reinforce a platelet plug or to stop bleeeding when a platelet plug fails-...
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