Biopsychology Chapter 11

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These flashcards are for Pinel's Biopsychology, Chapter 11 Learning, Memory and Amnesia


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Created Mar 11, 2012
by ChristinaCNX

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	Side A	Side B
1	One of the major turning points in the study of the neuropsychology of memory was the year...	1953
2	H.M. is	a person with epilepsy
3	The brain operation performed on H.M. is called a	bilateral medial temporal lobectomy
4	If you were going to illustrate the extent of H.M.'s lesion, you could accomplish this best...	an inferior
5	H.M.'s surgery was a success in that...(3 part answer)	1. the incidence of his seizures was markedly reduced 2. his IQ was increased 3. it...
6	After his surgery, H.M.'s IQ	increased
7	The shaded areas on this drawing of the inferior surface of the brain illustrate the position...	medial temporal lobes
8	Following his surgery, H.M. seemed to experience	a mild retrograde amnesia for events of the 2 years preceding the surgery
9	H.M.'s greatest postsurgical problem is his	anterograde amnesia
10	The most commonly employed test of short-term verbal memory is the	digit-span test
11	H.M.'s postsurgical digit span was found to be1. 109. 2. 125. 3. 112. 4. 114	NONE. H.M. was tested on the digit span+1 test and after 25 trials he had not managed...
12	H.M. showed no long-term retention on the	digit-span +1 test
13	On which tests did H.M. display substantial long-term memory as indicated by improved performance?...	1. Pavlovian conditioning test 2. mirror-drawing test
14	In a nutshell, H.M.'s main problem seems to be that he	can form no new explicit long-term memories
15	A major contribution of H.M.'s case was the following: It...(4 part answer)	1. was the first to strongly implicate the medial temporal lobes in memory 2. effectively...
16	The following are correct statement about medial temporal lobe amnesics? They often have...(2...	1. medial temporal lobe pathology2. a profile of mnemonic deficits similar to that...
17	The tests commonly used to assess implicit memory in neuropsychological patients are	repetition priming tests
18	Why do we have two memory systems - explicit and implicit - that are both capable of learning...	greater flexibility
19	Explicit memories for the particular events or experiences of one's life are __________ memories.	episodic
20	K.C., the man who can't time travel, experienced a severe deficit in __________ memory.	episodic
21	Cerebral ischemia is	a shortage of blood to the brain
22	The study of which amnesic subjects seemed to provide particularly strong evidence of the involvement...	R.B.
23	Which of the subjects suffered ischemia-produced hippocampal damage?	R.B.
24	Which of the following amnesic patients suffered what appeared to be selective bilateral damage...	R.B.
25	R.B.'s amnesia was similar to	H.M.'s. amnesia, but less severe
26	Korsakoff's syndrome is typically associated with (4 part answer)	1. amnesia2. chronic alcohol consumption3. diffuse damage to the medial diencephalon4. confusion...
27	One major difference between the amnesia associated with advanced Korsakoff's syndrome and...	a retrograde amnesia that can extend back into childhood
28	It is difficult to differentiate between anterograde and retrograde amnesia in Korsakoff patients...	Korsakoff's syndrome has a gradual onset
29	Which of the medial diencephalic structures are commonly damaged in Korsakoff patients? (3...	1. thalamus 2. mediodorsal nuclei 3. mammillary bodies
30	The first theories of Korsakoff's amnesia attributed it to mammillary body damage, but later...	mediodorsal nuclei
31	The mediodorsal nuclei, which are often damaged in cases of Korsakoff's amnesia, are nuclei...	thalamus
32	The case of N.A. had a major impact on theories of amnesia because:1. he died soon after his...	NONE. An MRI of N.A.'s brain revealed extensive medial diencephalic damage, including damage...
33	With respect to the study of amnesia, R.B. is to the pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus...	N.A. is to the medial diencephalon
34	An MRI of N.A.'s brain revealed	extensive medial diencephalic damage
35	Damage to the brains of Alzheimer patients is often apparent in the...(3 part answer)	1. medial temporal lobe structures. 2. basal forebrain. 3. prefrontal cortex
36	Alzheimer's amnesia is usually studied in	predementia Alzheimer's patients
37	In addition to the memory deficits commonly observed in medial temporal lobe amnesics, predementia...	1. short-term memory2. implicit memory for verbal and perceptual material
38	In the brains of Alzheimer's patients, the level of __________ is greatly reduced	acetylcholine
39	The main source of the brain's acetylcholine is the	basal forebrain
40	The reduction of cholinergic activity in the brains of predementia Alzheimer patients results...	basal forebrain
41	The study of Alzheimer's disease has implicated	cholinergic neurons in memory
42	In Alzheimer's disease, the brain damage is	diffuse
43	Amnesia that is produced by a blow to the head that does not penetrate the skull is called...	posttraumatic
44	Islands of memory following concussion are memories of	events that occurred during periods of time for which there is otherwise total amnesia
45	Illustrated here is the time course of events occurring before and after	concussion
46	The retrograde amnesia associated with closed-head injury has been frequently studied in laboratory...	administering electroconvulsive shock
47	Electroconvulsive shock is commonly used in studies of memory because it	has amnesic effects similar to those produce by concussion
48	In an experimental investigation of the retrograde effects of ECS on one-trial conditioning...	rats explored the niche during the test significantly less than did no-ECS control rats if...
49	In an innovative series of experiments, Squire and his colleagues assessed the retrograde amnesia...	had played for only one season
50	The long-term progressive increase in the resistance of memories to disruption by electroconvulsive...	television shows that played for only one year
51	Research has consistently shown that memory consolidation usually takes about:1 minute10 minutes1...	NONE. Research has not been consistent about the amount of time memory consolidation takes.
52	Because H.M.'s surgery seemed to disrupt only those retrograde memories acquired shortly before...	temporarily stores memories before they are transferred to a more permanent storage site
53	According to the reconsolidation notion, long-term memories are temporarily susceptible to...	recalled
54	A change in the brain that stores a memory is called	an engram
55	In retrospect, the major reason for the initial difficulty in developing an animal model of...	1. implicit memory tests2. the hippocampus
56	Which test has been used extensively in the assessment of object-recognition memory in monkeys?	delayed nonmatching-to-sample task
57	In one test commonly used to study medial-temporal-lobe amnesia in macaque monkeys,	food is available under the nonsample object during the test phase of each trial
58	At delays of a few minutes or less, healthy control monkeys score about __________ correct...	90%
59	Monkeys with large medial-temporal-lobe lesions displayed deficits on the __________ similar...	delayed nonmatching-to-sample test
60	The human medial temporal lobe includes the...(4 part answer)	1. hippocampus. 2. amygdala. 3. rhinal cortex. 4. CA1 subfield
61	Illustrated here is one phase of the delayed nonmatching-to-sample task. It is the	sample phase
62	In early studies of medial-temporal-lobe amnesia in monkeys, the cortex underlying the hippocampus...	made by aspiration
63	Hippocampectomy in rats almost always involves damage to a small area of overlying __________...	parietal cortex
64	Rats have one advantage over monkeys in the study of medial temporal lobe amnesia:	In rats, the hippocampus can readily be aspirated without substantial rhinal cortex damage
65	The Mumby-box is an apparatus that has been frequently used to study	delayed nonmatching-to-sample in rats
66	Rats can perform the delayed nonmatching-to-sample task	almost as well as monkeys at retention delays up to a minute or so
67	Bilateral lesions of the rhinal cortex that do not damage the hippocampus or amygdala produce...1....	NONE. Object-recognition memory is severely disrupted by rhinal cortex lesions.
68	Here is an illustration of coronal section of a monkey brain cut through the hippocampus and...	rhinal cortex
69	Monkey and rat experiments on the effects of medial-temporal-lobe lesions on nonrecurring-items...	rhinal cortex
70	Mumby and his colleagues showed that object-recognition deficits that were caused in rats by...	hippocampus
71	Mumby and his colleagues showed that large hippocampal lesions blocked the object-recognition...	made 1 hour, but not 1 week, after the ischemia
72	Strong evidence that the object-recognition deficits produced by cerebral ischemia do not result...	a demonstration that hippocampal lesions can prevent ischemia-produced object-recognition deficits
73	One area of rhinal cortex is the...(3 part answer)	1. entorhinal cortex2. perirhinal cortex3. introrhinal cortex
74	Hippocampal lesions in rats reliably disrupt the performance of tasks that involve memory for	spatial location
75	Which of the tasks is commonly used to study the spatial abilities of rats? (2 part answer)	1. Morris water maze 2. radial-arm maze
76	The ability to refrain from visiting an arm of the radial arm maze more than once on a given...	working
77	Memory for general principles and skills required to perform a task is called __________ memory.	reference
78	Some hippocampal neurons become active only when the subject is	in a particular place
79	Hippocampal cells that become active only when the subject is in particular locations are called	place cells
80	The location in a test environment in which a subject must be for a place cell to become active...	place field
81	When rats are not sure where they are, their place cells fire in accordance with where they	"think" they are
82	Grid cells, head direction cells, and border cells are located in the	entorhinal cortex
83	Food-caching species of birds tend to have __________ hippocampi than non-food-caching species.	larger
84	Although much evidence suggests that hippocampal damage disrupts spatial memory, evidence from...	primates
85	According to the cognitive map theory, the hippocampus is specialized for storing	allocentric maps
86	The authors of the cognitive map theory are	Nadel and O'Keefe
87	The current consensus is that memories of experiences are likely stored	diffusely throughout the structures of the brain that participated in the original experience
88	Which structure is thought to store memories for visual images?	inferotemporal cortex
89	The amygdala is thought to play a role in	memory for the emotional significance of experiences
90	Patients with damage to the prefrontal cortex often display deficits on __________ conventional...	no
91	Patients with prefrontal cortex damage display deficits in...(2 part answer)	1. working memory 2. memory for the temporal order of events
92	One well known patient with prefrontal damage could not cook because she could not	carry out the various steps in proper sequence
93	The amygdala appears to be involved in the __________ component of memory, whereas the cerebellum...	emotional; sensorimotor
94	The cerebellum is thought to store memories of	learned sensorimotor skills
95	The cerebellum has been found to play an important role in	eye blink conditioning
96	The striatum is thought to store...(2 part answer)	1. memories for consistent relationships between stimuli and responses. 2. the type of...
97	Long-term potentiation has been most frequently studied in the	hippocampus
98	In one common type of LTP experiment, the perforant path is stimulated and the response is...	granule-cell layer of the hippocampal dentate gyrus
99	Long-term potentiation	has been most commonly studied in several different neural circuits in the hippocampus
100	Stimulation of the __________ elicits a response in the __________ layer of the hippocampal...	perforant path; granule-cell; dentate gyrus
101	Illustrated here is a neural circuit in which __________ is commonly studied.	LTP
102	The main reason why LTP is one of the most widely studied neuroscientific phenomena is that...	involves a synaptic change similar to the synaptic change that has been hypothesized to be...
103	LTP is one of the most widely studied models of the physiology of memory because it...(2 part...	1. can last for a long time2. depends on co-occurrence
104	Co-occurrence has been shown to be critical for LTP. Co-occurrence refers to the requirement...	presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons
105	What is regarded as a critical factor in LTP?	co-occurrence of activity in presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons
106	LTP occurs only when the high-intensity, high-frequency stimulation activates the	both presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons
107	When neuron A repeatedly fires neuron B, some change occurs that increases the efficiency with...	Hebb's postulate for learning
108	Support for the hypothesis that long-term potentiation is the mechanism of memory came from...	1. LTP can be elicited by levels of stimulation that mimic normal neural activity. 2. LTP...
109	The NMDA receptor is a type of __________ receptor.	glutamate
110	Which is the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?	glutamate
111	The NMDA receptor is thought to be involved in	LTP at some synapses
112	In searching for the neural bases of LTP, many researchers assume that separate mechanisms...	induction, maintenance, and expression
113	The induction of LTP at glutaminergic synapses appears to	1. be a postsynaptic phenomenon2. depend on an influx of calcium ions into the postsynaptic...
114	The specificity of LTP to particular synapses on the postsynaptic neuron is likely attributable...	dendritic spines
115	Evidence suggests that the induction of LTP is postsynaptic and the maintenance and expression...	nitric oxide
116	Although most theories of LTP focus on neural mechanisms, __________ have also been found to...	astrocytes
117	Approximately what proportion of healthy people experience infantile amnesia?	100%
118	Recent studies have demonstrated that infantile amnesia can occur for __________ memories without...	explicit; implicit
119	According to the text, the scientific evidence has not yet established the effectiveness of	nootropics
120	The aspect of R.M.'s case that is most ironic is that	during his posttraumatic amnesia, when he recalled few of the details of his own life, he remembered...