Flashcard Set Preview
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Collagen
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most abundant protein in the animal kingdom, making up about 1/4 of all the protein in our...
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Type 1 Collagen
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dermis, bone, cornea, tendon, fibrocartilage, vessels, intestine, dentin, skin, uterus. Forms...
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Type II Collagen
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Cartilage, notochord, vitreous, nudeus pulposus (intervertebral substance)
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Type III Collagen
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Dermis, intestine, gingiva, heart valve, uterine wall, vessels
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Type IV collagen
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basement membrane, filtration. Has a globular head on one end and an extra tail on the other....
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Type V collagen
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cornea, placental membranes, bone, vessels, cartilage, gingiva
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Bone
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Made up of tough fibers (collagen I) and solid particles (calcium phosphate in the form of...
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Vitamin D
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Source: found in skin when exposed to sunlight, milk, fatty fish, fish liver oils, egg yolksFunction:...
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Collagen synthesis
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occurs at membrane-bound polysomes, aka ribosomes attached to the ER
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First step of collagen synthesis
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Formation of pro-alpha chain
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Second step of collagen synthesis
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formation of hydroxyprolines and hydroxylysine and essential cofactors--> REQUIRES VITAMIN...
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hydroxylysine
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helps form some of the initial cross linkages in collagen and is also the site for glycosylation.
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Vitamin C
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Water soluble vitamin.Source: citrus fruits, tomatoes, potatoes, broccolli, red peppers, etc.Function:...
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Iron
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Source: Heme: meats poultry, fish, kidneys, liverNon-heme: soybean flour, beans, molasses,...
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Third step of collagen synthesis
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Another Post-translational modification where selected hydroxylysine residues are glycosylated...
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Procollagen: 4th/5th step of Collagen synthesis
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Procollagen is secreted: Carboxy-terminal side has both inter- and intra- disulfide bonds,...
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6th step of collagen synthesis
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Cross-link and fiber (fibril) formation via inter- and intra- molecular bonds formed by lysyl...
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Copper
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Source: organ meats, shellfish, chocolate, mushrooms, nuts, dried legumes, whole-grain cereals.Location...
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Collagenase
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main enzyme responsible for collagen degredation, is classified as a Matrix Metallo Proteinase....
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Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
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Characterized by skin extensibility, joint hyper-mobility, and tissue fatigue--> heritable...
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Elastin
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highly insoluble component of the dermis and is designed more for maximal stretch and recoil....
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Proteoglycans
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90% carbohydrates and 10% protein. Formed from glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) which are long, unbranched...
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Hunters & Hurler's Syndrome
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have mental retardation and skeletal abnormalities due to reduced levels of lysosomal enzymes...
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fibronectin
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large adhesive glycoprotein that binds cells to collagen, proteoglycans, and other extracellular...
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laminin
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binds to type IV collagen (basement membrane), herapin sulfate and cells, and is also a part...
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Integrins
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Group of plasma membrane receptor glycoproteins that bind the cell to specific RGD (arginine-glycine-aspartate)...
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Basal Lamina
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Complex filtration system made up of type IV collagen, laminin, proteoglycans.
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4 functions of the cytoskeleton
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1. cell structure2. Toughness3. movement within the cells4. actual movement of cells
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Actin
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Made of actin, and is mostly concentrated in the cortex just beneath the plasma membrane. Smallest
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Microtubules
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composed of tubulin. Largest
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Intermediate filaments
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composed of vimentin, keratin, and lamin. Medium
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Plasma Membrane
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Has a proteinaceous skeleton called the Cortex that maintains its biconcave disc shape that...
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Spectrin Dimers
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ERYTHROCYTES: proteins that associate head to head to form tetramers that are held together...
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Intermediate Filaments
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tough, flexible network that works to maintain cell's integrity through stress, strain, etc....
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Epidermolysis Bulosa Simplex
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Disease state where formation of keratin is compromised and cells in the epidermis are compromised...
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Nuclear Lamina
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Composed main of lamins--> associated with chromatin and the inner nuclear membrane (aka...
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Structure of Intermediate Filament
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one filament monomer pairs up with another monomer to make a dimer, which then pairs up in...
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Microtubules
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Made of tubulin, which consists of alpha and beta subunits. These subunits for microtubule,...
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Axoneme
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composed entirely of microtubules and associated protein and its bending motion is responsible...
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Ciliary dynein
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microtubule-associated protein that interacts with adjacent microtubules to generate a sliding...
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Kineins
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Another microtubule-associated protein that moves vesicles toward the plus end of the microtubule...
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Actin
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Smallest in relation to other cytoskeleton proteins. Two types: G Actin (soluble monomers)...
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Crawling
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crawling cells throw out microspikes, and filopedia which contain tight parallel bundles of...
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Fimbrin
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actin-associated protein that maintains the actin bundles--> exist in single protrusions,...
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Microvilli
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Greatly increase the surface area of intestines for absorption--> composed of parallel actin...
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Occluding junctions (tight junctions)
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Form an impenetrable barrier between two cells, without them, nonselective passage of molecules...
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Anchoring Junctions
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Connects the cytoskeleton of a cell to neighboring cells or extracellular matrix
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Communication junctions (gap junctions)
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made of connexons, and are direct connections between cells, allowing direct communication...
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Cadherins
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made of actin filaments--> adhesion belt, bands of actin filaments positioned around the...
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Focal adhesions
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points of attachment with components of the extracellular matrix mediated via fibronectin,...
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Cell-Cell Desmosomes
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Function like little rivets that hold the cells together, form button-like points of contact-->...
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Hemidesmosomes
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Like desmisomes, except instead of anchoring cell to another cell, it anchors cell to extracellular...
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Chemical synapse
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Type of communication junction: cells communicate indirectly even though they aren't in physical...
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Oxidative Degradation of Amino Acids
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1. If AA's are not needed for new protein they will undergo Ox. Deg. 2. If a person has...
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Gastrin
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when food enters the stomach the gastric mucuosa secretes hormone gastrin, which in turns stimulates...
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Pepsin
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cleaves amino acids on amino-terminal side of aromatics
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Secretin
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produced in upper portion of small intestine and inhibits gastric acid secretion and stomach...
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Trypsin
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From zymogen trypsinogen, turned active via enzyme enteropeptidase. Trypsin cleaves protein...
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Chymotrypsin
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Turned active from zymogen form by trypsin, and cleaves carboxy-terminal end of aromatics (pepsin...
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Elastase
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Also formed by trypsin, and cleaves the caroby-terminal end of small side chain AA's like glycine,...
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Carboxypeptidases
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Activated by trypsin, and make multiple hits on remaining small peptides that need to be digested.
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Acute pancreatitis
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When the common duct is blocked, the zymogens are converted to active enzymes and begin to...
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Transamination
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Catalyzed by aminotransferases and requires pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) or vitamin B6, which...
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Deamination
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a Oxidative: glutamate is transported from cytosol to mitochondria where it is oxidized by...
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Deamidization
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direct removal of NH4--> occurs in liver via enzyme, glutaminase, which produces NH4 and...
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Decarboxylation
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Amino acids can be turned into important biological amines via decarboxylation, like catecholamines,...
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Transmethylation
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Amino acids can be metabolized by the transfer of methyl groups, for example, can take a methyl...
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Metabolism of Branched amino acids
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Branched AA's arent metabolized in the liver (leucine, isoleucine, valine) they are oxidized...
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alkaptnuria
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turns the urine black, and results from the back up of a product from the degradation of phenylalanine...
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One Carbon Metabolism
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tetrahydrofolate is a key-cofactor in many metabolic pathways, and can also mediate methyl...
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Glutamine Cycle/pathway to liver
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Ammonia can't be transported to the liver without some intermediate form; thus it is incorporated...
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Alanine cycle
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Excess ammonia is incorporated into glutamate which is then turned into pyruvate via alanine...
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urea cycle
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Cycle begins in liver mitochondria; urea produced in cytosol; 3 ATPs to produce 1 molecule...
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Creatine
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Important precursor to phosphocreatine, important energy reservoir in skeletal muscle-->...
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Ketogenic amino acids versus glucogenic
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Ketogenic AA's are degraded into acetoacetyl COA that can be converted into ketone bodies,...
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fibroblast
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The connective tissue cell responsible for collagen deposition needed to repair the tissue...
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wound
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a disruption of normal anatomical structure and function.
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Healing
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a complex, dynamic process that results in the restoration of anatomic continuity and function
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Acute wounds
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normally proceed through an orderly and timely healing process to restore anatomical continuity...
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Chronic wounds
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failed to proceed through an orderly or timely process to produce anatomical and functional...
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Resolution
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First part of the normal response to injury: the small blood vessels near the injury regain...
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Regeneration
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Following loss of tissue, there is minimal inflammation followed by proliferation of cellular...
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Repair by Scar
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Following injury and inflammation, there is a proliferation of fibroblasts and deposition of...
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Fibrosis
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part of pathological wound healing: occurs when extracellular matrix, etc. of the damaged tissues...
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Dehiscence
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Part of pathological wound healing: insufficient amounts of cross-linked collagen are deposited...
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Contracture
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pathological wound healing when excessive scar contraction occurs, leading to malformation...
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Connective Tissue Deposition
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Step in wound healing is the process where by fibroblasts in the surrounding tissues proliferate...
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Epithelization
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Occurs when the entire dermis hasn't been removed, such that residual epithelial cells in the...
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Contraction
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Normal process by which the boundaries of the wound are pulled towards the center by myofibroblasts.
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Primary Intention
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Wound closure of wound that is just a clean cut--> thus matrix deposition is the only thing...
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Delayed Primary Intention
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Used if wound is contaminated and can't be closed right away (10^5/grams of tissue you can't...
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Secondary Intention
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Occurs when a wound stays open during the entire wound process: heals using mainly contraction,...
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Partial thickness healing
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All epithelization --> occurs when you take top layer of dermis off, like in a skin graph...
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Hemostasis
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First response to injury: Fibrin clot formation provides and initial wound matrix and a guide...
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Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN)
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important cells to prevent wound infection, and big part of immune response/inflammation...
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Macrophages
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Most essential inflammatory cells; gets rid of non-functional host cells--> interleukin-1...
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Lymphocytes
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TGFB, TNF
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Mast Cells
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products from these cells produce the characteristic redness and itchiness around a wound-->...
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Characteristics of wound inflammation
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1. redness (rubor)2. Swelling (tumor)3. Heat (calor)4. Pain (dolor)
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Ulcers
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Diabetic ulcersvenous statis ulcerspressure ulcers: pressure ulcers get locked into a chronic...
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Biological value of proteins (BV)
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whatever the score is, the limiting amino acid makes up that percentage of it; if a food has...
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Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
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The amount that meets the needs of half the people in any one group.
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Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
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The amount of any one nutrient known to protect 97-98% of the population from deficiency.
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Adequate Intake (AI)
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A range of nutrient intake that satisfies health standards for at least 75% of a population;...
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Tolerable Upper Intake Level
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The highest amount of a nutrient you can consume in one day without adverse side effects.
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Daily Energy Expenditure
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DEE= REE + Physical Activity + DIT
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Resting Energy Expenditure
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calculated emperically, but for young, healthy, ideal body weight people, this is roughly equal...
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BMI
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weight in lbs X 703 / height in inches / height in inches
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Marasmus
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macro-nutrient deficiency--> inadequate intake of energy, these are babies that aren't getting...
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Kwashiorkor
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Also a macro-nutrient deficiency, but these babies are getting plenty of calories, but are...
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Fluoride
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Source: usually found in water, but deficiency can occur when not enough fluoride is in drinking...
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iodine
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Source: seafood, iodized saltFunction: usually found in the thyroid gland, and is necessary...
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| 113 |
Zinc
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Source: organ meatsFunction: is part of many enzymes, especially those that make RNA and DNADEFICIENCY:...
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| 114 |
Niacin (Vitamin B3)
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Source: dried yeast, liver, meat, fish, legumesFunction: required for proper digestion of carbohydrates,...
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| 115 |
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
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Source: milk, cheese, liver, meatsFunction: needed to metabolize carbs, amino acids--> precurson...
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Thiamine
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Source: dried yeast, whole grainsFunction: acts as cofactor in many reactions with dehydrogenases...
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