Bio Part 2

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Exam Part 2

Created Mar 11, 2012
by beccam724

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	Side A	Side B
1	What is a peptide?	A molecule formed by joining two or more amino acids. When the number of amino acids is less...
2	What is a protein?	Biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into aglobular or...
3	What are some protein functions?	Enzymes; transporters in membranes; receptors for hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, etc.;...
4	What is the primary structure of a protein?	The sequence of amino acids composing the polypeptide chain. The chain assumes certain...
5	What is the secondary structure of a protein?	The bond angles created by bonded amino acids form the alpha-helix shape which makes helical...
6	What is the tertiary structure and how does it differ from the quaternary structure?	Tertiary structure is the third structure that forms out of the bending and folding of the...
7	What are two different types of nucleic acids?	Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which is found in the nucleus and contains the genes; and ribonucleic...
8	What is a nucleotide and what are the 3 basic parts of a nucleotide?	Nucleotides are the monomers that compose nucleic acids. They link together by dehydration...
9	What are three structural differences between RNA and DNA?	DNA is found in the nucleus; is made of deoxyribose (the sugar); is involved in transcription;...
10	Where is DNA and RNA found in the cell?	DNA is found in the nucleus, and RNA is found in the nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and rough...
11	What is an enzyme?	An enzyme is a biological catalyst (usually proteins)
12	How do enzymes act as catalysts? Are they specific and selective?	Enzymes reduce the amount of activation energy required for a chemical reaction, therefore...
13	Fibers of the cytoskeleton	Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules; provide structural support and direct...
14	Which organelles are found in animal cells only? Which are found in plant cells only?	Animal cells: centrioles, lysosomes, flagella/ciliaPlant cells: chloroplasts, cell wall, vacuole
15	Cell Membrane	It separates the cell from other cells and helps regulate what is transported in and out of...
16	Mitochondria	Aids in cell respiration by producing ATP which the cell uses for various activities.
17	Flagella	A long whip-like cellular appendage that moves back and forth to propel the cell forward (locomotion).
18	Cilia	Hair-like cellular appendage that beats back and forth in synchrony to propel the cell or to...
19	Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum	A network of interconnected membraneous sacs studded with ribosomes that makes proteins which...
20	Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum	A network of interconnected membraneous tubules that contain specific enzymes. It's important...
21	Golgi Apparatus	Stacks of membraneous sacs containing special enzymes that modify, store, and ship products...
22	Lysosome	Contains enzymes that digest food and wastes
23	How is the function of the mitochondrion dependent on the function of chloroplasts?	It's an endosymbiotic relationship: chloroplasts trap light energy and convert it into the...
24	Microfilaments	The thinnest fiber that helps make up a cell's cytoskeleton; they are solid rods of actin protein...
25	Intermediate Filaments	Middle sized fibers that help make up a cell's cytoskeleton; they are made of fibrous proteins.
26	Microtubules	The thickest fibers that help make up a cell's cytoskeleton; they are hollow tubes made up...
27	What are the two functions of the cytoskeleton?	Maintaining cell shape and the direct transport and movement of organelles
28	What is a ribosome and what does it do?	A ribosome is a subcellular structure composed of protein and ribonucleic acid that is in the...
29	Do bacterial cells posses organelles?	No, prokaryotes (bacteria) lack organelles
30	What is the advantage of compartmentalization of chemical reactions within the organelles of...	Compartmentalization allows each compartment to perform specific functions without interference...
31	Autotroph	Self-feeding; an organism that produces complex organic compounds (carbohydrates, fats, and...
32	Heterotroph	An organism that cannot fix carbon and uses organic carbon for growth (Consumers)
33	Phagocytosis vs. Pinocytosis	Cellular eating; the cell engulfs the food/pathogen by surrounding it with the cell membrane....
34	What is endosymbiosis?	Endosymbiosis refers to when the cells are engulfed, but not digested. Cells live together...
35	What is the Theory of Endosymbiosis?	The first eukaryotic cells evolved from fusion of simpler prokaryotic cells about 1.7-1.5 bya....
36	How does a protist differ from a protozoan? What are the four types of protozoans?	A protozoan is a protist with animal cell characteristics (no cell wall, and has at least one...
37	What energy molecule is required to cause flagellum to move back and forth?	Movement is powered by a release of ATP, according to the sliding microtubule hypothesis.
38	How does a cilium differ from a flagellum?	Cilia have a hairlike structure, whereas flagellum are longer, making more of a whiplike structure....
39	Describe the hypothesized mechanism for the movement of a pseudopodia.	1) Hyaline cap appears as an extension of the ectoplasm, 2) endoplasm begins to flow into the...
40	What cellular structure varies in shape in the three major groups of ameba?	Ameba are classified by the structure of their pseudopodia. Rhizopodans have locomotion by...
41	Contractile Vacuole	In ciliates like Paramecium; it helps with osmoregulation to maintain homeostasis.
42	What is osmoregulation, and why is it so important in animal cells?	Osmoregulation helps maintain the salt and water balance. It helps to prevent lysis and rupturing...
43	In Paramecia, what changes occur in the micronucleus and the micronucleus during conjugation?...	During the conjugation of two Paramecium, the micronucleus disintegrates and the micronucleus...
44	Relative to protozoa, what is encystment and why is it important to the life cycle of some...	Encystment is the formation of external coverings (cysts) to adapt to adverse environmental...
45	Monoecious vs. Dioecious	Monoecious means having both sexes sex organs in one animal (hermaphrodite). Dioecious needs...
46	Binary fission	The most common type of reproduction in protozoans. The micronucleus divides mitotically into...
47	Budding	Asexual fragmentation of the body wall. Buds appear as outgrowth on the sides that drop off...
48	Gemmulation	Asexual; involves the formation of gemmules (groups of amoebocytes that deposit spicules around...
49	Fragmentation	Asexual reproduction where an organism is split into fragments which become clones of the adult...
50	What is a hermaphroditic animal?	An animal that contains the reproductive organs of both male and female.
51	Which phylum showed the first example of an integrated neuromuscular system?	Phylum Cnidaria
52	List some differences between protostomes and deuterostomes	Protostomes develop the mouth first, and have spiral cleavage that is determinate (the structure/fxn...
53	Spiral cleavage vs. Radial cleavage (which is regulative and which is mosaic?)	Spiral cleavage occurs in protostomes and has mosaic development, meaning each cell has a set...
54	What are three common accessory digestive organs and what are their functions?	Pancreas (makes enzymes to digest food); liver (makes bile to break down fatty acids and stores/releases...
55	Are ctenophores bioluminescent? What is bioluminescence?	Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by a living organism. Most ctenophores...
56	Acoelomates vs. Pseudocoelomates vs. Eucoelomates	Acoelomates have no coelom (only an ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm); pseudocoelomates have...
57	What is a coelom?	A coelom is an internal body cavity that forms within the mesoderm of some animals. A coelom...
58	What is the simplest animal phyla that has an excretory system?	Phylum Annelida
59	Describe the Obelia life cycle	The ovary and testis of two medusa come together to form a zygote, which develops into a blastula....
60	Describe the Aurelia life cycle	Two medusa produce either an egg or sperm, and internal fertilization takes place. This forms...
61	Describe the life cycle of clonorchis sinensis	Adults live in the bile duct. Eggs containing miracidium are shed into water with the feces...
62	Describe the life cycle of Schistosoma	Eggs are discharged in human feces/urine. If they get into water, they're hatched as ciliated...
63	Describe the life cycle of Taeniarynchus saginatus	Proglottids detach in the human intestine and leave the body via feces. They then crawl onto...
64	Describe the life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides	Eggs are passed in feces and embryos develop within 2 weeks. Infection occurs when the eggs...
65	Describe the life cycle of Enterobius vermiculares	They live in the large intestine and cecum. Females migrate to the anal region at night to...
66	How does a triploblastic animal differ from a cnidarian?	A triploblastic animal refers to animals in which the embryo has three primary germ layers...
67	What is parenchyma?	The specialized tissue of an organ, as opposed to the connective tissue.
68	What is cephalization and why is it important in the evolution of various animal groups?	Cephalization is the evolutionary process by which sensory organs and specialized appendages...
69	How do members of the phylum Nemertea differ from members of the phylum Platyheminthes?	Nemerteans are ribbon worms. They have a complete digestive system, are dioecious, and are...
70	What muscles do flatworms have, and where?	They have circular muscles (right below the epithelium) and longitudinal muscles (beneath the...
71	Do turbellarian flatworms have a ciliated epidermis? If so, where are the cilia?	Yes, on the outside of the circular muscles.
72	Where are the protonephridia in a flatworm and what is their function? What specialized cell...	The protonephridia are excretory and osmoregulatory organs closed at the inner end that filter...
73	Where is the pharynx in a planarium flatworm? Do they have an anus?	The pharynx connects the mouth to the gastrovascular cavity. It extends through the ventral...
74	What is a syncytium? In addition to skeletal muscle cells, what other cells in what animals...	The syncytium is a multinucleate cell which results from multiple cell fusions of uninucleate...
75	How does a miracidium differ from a sporocyst?	A miracidium is a free-swimming larval stage in which the fluke passes from the egg to the...
76	What is a cercaria?	A free swimming larval stage in which the parasite fluke passes from the intermediate host...
77	Why are many internal parasites monoecious?	Often times, they will be in the host body by themselves so they need to be able to reproduce...
78	How does a cestode get longer (where are the least and most mature proglottids)?	There's a germinative zone just behind the scolex that forms new proglottids. As the young...
79	Which is the simplest animal group to have a closed circulatory system?	Phylum Annelida
80	What muscles do nemerteans possess? What muscles fo nematodes possess? What muscles do rotifers...	Nemerteans and rotifers posses circular and longitudinal muscles. Nematodes only have longitudinal...
81	What is the function of a proboscis in most animals such as a nemertean?	It's the tubular feeding and sucking organ of certain invertebrates.
82	What are some adaptive advantages of a pseudocoelom compared to the a coelomate condition?	A pseudocoelomate can have a larger body size and faster locomotion because they have a coelom.
83	How does a hydrostatic skeleton work to allow an animal to move?	The hydrostatic skeleton is a fluid-filled body cavity that provides a more rigid structure...
84	Polyp vs. Medusa	A polyp is an individual of the phylum Cnidaria that is either solitary or colonial and is...
85	About how many species of mollusks have been identified?	There are about 90,000 living species of mollusks
86	What does the basic body structure of a hypothetical ancestral mollusk include?	A specialized muscular foot, used for locomotion; a mantle that secretes an exoskeleton or...
87	What are the three layers of a mollusk shell?	Periostracum (outer layer); prismatic (middle layer); and nacreous (inner layer)
88	Describe why and how oysters make pearls.	The formation of the pearl begins when a foreign substance slips into the oyster between the...
89	What are metanephridia and what is their function?	Metanephridia are a type of tubular nephridium with the inner open end draining the coelom...
90	How does a trochophore larva differ from a veliger larva?	A trochophore is a free swimming ciliated marine larval stage of a mollusk with an ovoid body;...
91	How do members of the class Pulmonata breath? (garden snails)	They have a highly vascular area in their mantle that serves as a lung. The lung opens to the...
92	What are in the subclass Opisthobranchia and how do they differ?	Prosobranch are sea snails, Opisthobranchs are sea slugs, and Nudibranch differ from other...
93	What do solid nudibranchs eat? How is this related to the cerata they possess?	They mostly eat sea anemones and hydroids. They ingest their prey's nematocysts and transport...
94	Describe how a bivalve such as a mussel or clam eats.	Bivalves are filter feeders. Water enters the mantle cavity posteriorly and is drawn forward...
95	What is the function of adductor muscles in bivalves and where are they found?	Adductor muscles work with the hung ligament to pull the valves of a mollusk together. One...
96	Describe the life cycle of an oyster.	Gametes are discharged into the suprabranchial chamber to be carried out with excurrent flow....
97	How does the structure of a carnivorous radula differ from that of an herbivorous radula?	The carnivorous radula of a gastropod contains longer, sharper teeth while the herbivorous...
98	What is direct development and what animals show this?	Direct development means a life sequence without larval stages. Cephalopods (squids) and earthworms...
99	What are the osmoregulatory structures and what type of animals are they in?	Protists have a contractile vacuole; flatworms have flame cells (protonephridia); mollusks...
100	What are cnidocytes and what do they hold? How does the cnidocil relate to this?	Cnidocytes are a modified interstitial cell that holds the nematocyst, the stinging organelle...
101	What do the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm give rise to?	The endoderm becomes the primitive gut, the mesoderm becomes the connective tissues and muscles,...
102	Gastrovascular Cavity	The body cavity in lower invertebrates that functions in both digestion and circulation and...
103	Polymorphism	Basically genetic variation within a population; the presence of more than one structural type...
104	Ciliary Comb Plates	One of the plates of fused cilia arranged in rows for ctenophore locomotion.
105	Hydranth vs. Gonangium	Hydranth is an individual polyp of a hydroid colony, and a gonangium is a reproductive zooid...
106	Operculum	The gill cover in bony fishes. It's the protective plate in some snails.
107	Epitheliomuscular cell	A contractile cell found in the epidermis of cnidarians. Adjoining epitheliomuscular cells...
108	Planula Larva	Free swimming, ciliated larva of cnidarians. They are usually ovoid and flattened, with an...
109	Coenosarc vs. Perisarc	Coenosarc is the inner living part of the hydrocauli in hydroids. Perisarc is the sheath covering...
110	Thecate vs. Athecate	Thecate is an organism bearing a theca (a protective covering for an organism or organ); thecae...
111	Manubrium	The tube that bears the mouth of a coelenterate
112	Statocysts	Sense organ of equilibrium