Flashcard Set Preview
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| 1 |
Broad-spectrum Revolution
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foraging varied plant and animal foods at end of ice age; prelude to Neolithic
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Neolithic Revolution:
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New Stone Age;” grind and polish stone tools and early domestication; the first cultural...
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Highland plateau:
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grasses, top of the hill
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Hilly flanks
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: subtropical woodland; Garden of Eden
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Lowland steppe
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: dry soil; treeless plain
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Alluvial plain:
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hot; watered by rivers
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Food production started in the
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hilly flanks
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Sedentism:
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settled, sedentary life; developed before farming and herding in the Middle East
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The change from foraging to food production developed... indepedently or with other cultures?
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independently: in at least seven world areas, though with different crops and animals.
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Clovis:
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an early American tool tradition; projectile point attached to a hunting spear; only lasted...
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Haplogroup
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: a lineage marked by one or more specific genetic mutations.
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the most significant contrast between Old and New World food production.
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Animal domestication. It was much more important in the Old World
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State:
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society with central government, administrative specialization, and social classes.
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Multivariate:
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involving multiple factors causes, or variables.
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empires:
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mature states that are large, multiethnic, militaristic, and expansive.
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Egalitarian society:
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society with rudimentary status distinctions; most typical in foraging
economy; made up bands...
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Ranked societies:
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society with hereditary inequality but lacking social
stratification; most typical in horticultural,...
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Stratification:
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presence of social divisions (strata) with unequal
wealth and power; most typical in agricultural...
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Settlement hierarchy:
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communities with varying size, function, and building types
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Chiefdom:
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ranked society with two- or three-level settlement hierarchy
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Primary states:
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states arising through competition among chiefdoms
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Cuneiform:
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early Mesopotamian wedge style writing, using stylus on clay
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The shape of early states was...
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a pyramid.
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Adaptive strategy:Name them.
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means of making a living, (foraging, horticulture, agriculture, pastoralism, and industrialism)
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Common feature among foraging communities:
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people rely on available natural resources for their subsistence, rather than controlling the...
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bands:
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basic social units usually fewer than 100 people which may split seasonally; foragers
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Horticulture (shifting cultivation):
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a nonindustrial plant cultivation with fallowing; uses simple tools and
their fields are not...
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Agriculture:
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cultivation using land and labor continuously and intensively. Use animals, irrigation and...
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The advantage of agriculture over horticulture is that...
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the long term yield per area is far greater and more dependable.
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Cultivation continuum:
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a continuum of land and labor use; horticulture stands at the low-labor
shifting-plot end...
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The key difference between horticulture and agriculture is that
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horticulture always uses a fallow period while agriculture doesn’t.
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Pastoralists:
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herders of domesticated animals; live in symbiosis with their herds; confined to the Old World
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-Pastoral nomadism:
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annual movement of entire pastoral group with herds
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-transhumance:
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only part of population moves seasonally with herds; those that stay in the village live off...
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Economy:
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a system of resource production, distribution, and consumption of resources
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Mode of production:
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specific set of social relations that organizes labor
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Economizing:
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rational allocation of scarce resources among alternative uses
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Peasant:
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small-scale farmer with rent fund obligations; they live in state
organized societies and...
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The nuclear family consists of...
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parents and children, normally living together in the same household.
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Descent groups:
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consist of lineages and clans who claim a common ancestry; they are
basic units in the social...
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