Flashcard Set Preview
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| 1 |
All structures of life are ultimately composed of
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chemicals
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| 2 |
Matter has ______ and takes up ________.
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mass, space
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| 3 |
What is mass?
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Amount of matter a substance contains
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| 4 |
What is weight?
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Force of gravity acting on a mass (can change depending on gravity).
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| 5 |
The elements Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen make up what percentage of living matter?
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96%
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| 6 |
What does the other 4% come from?
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3.9% Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Sulfur (S), Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl), Magnesium...
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| 7 |
What is an atom?
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An electrically neutral unit of matter of all elements.
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| 8 |
What is the nucleus comprised of?
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protons and neutrons
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| 9 |
How are the electrons positioned?
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In energy level orbitals
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| 10 |
If the number of protons equals the number of electrons, the atom is
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electrically neutral
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| 11 |
What is an element?
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a substance that is made entirely from one type of atom. (ex, hydrogen, gold, silver, copper,...
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| 12 |
The atomic number is
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is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom and therefore identical to the charge...
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| 13 |
The mass number is
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The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
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| 14 |
The atomic weight is
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the average mass number of all natural isotopes.
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| 15 |
What are bonds?
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Links that attach atoms together
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| 16 |
What are molecules
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Electrically neutral group of at least two atoms in a
definite arrangement held together...
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| 17 |
What are ions?
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an atom or molecule
in which the total number of electrons
is not equal to the total number...
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| 18 |
What is a cation?
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an ion with more protons than electrons, giving it a positive charge. (written: Na+)...
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| 19 |
What is an anion?
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an ion with more electrons than protons, giving it a net negative charge
(since electrons...
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| 20 |
What is an isotope?
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different types of atoms of the same chemical element (same number of protons), each having...
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| 21 |
What is a radioisotope?
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an atom
with an unstable nucleus, which is a nucleus characterized by
excess energy which...
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| 22 |
What is a half-life?
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The time for a radioisotope to lose half of its activity (from hours to centuries)
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| 23 |
Al radioactivity is damaging to _______
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tissues
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| 24 |
What are the atomic radiation rays from low to high penetrating power?
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Alpha, beta, gamma
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| 25 |
How many electrons are in the first 4 shells of an atom?
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1st shell: 2 electrons2nd shell: 8 electrons3rd shell: 18 electrons4th shell: ...
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| 26 |
Known atoms can contain up to how many shells?
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7 (lower shells MUST be filled first)
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| 27 |
What is the valence shell?
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The outermost shell (these electrons determine bond formation)
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| 28 |
What does it mean when the valence (outermost) shell is full?
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The compound is inert (cannot form bonds)
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| 29 |
What is the octect rule (rule of eights)?
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atoms tend to combine in such a way that they
each have eight electrons in their valence...
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| 30 |
When atoms of different elements combine, they form what?
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a compound
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| 31 |
What is a molecular formula?
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Shoes the number of atoms in each element (ex H20)
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| 32 |
The amount of molecule dissolved in solution is what?
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concentration
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| 33 |
What is a mixture?
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compound physically blended together but not chemically bound
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| 34 |
A solvent dissolves a solute to create a what?
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solution
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| 35 |
What is a colloid/emulsion?
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particles are large enough to scatter light (can't see through it, ex: milk)
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| 36 |
What is a suspension?
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When materials mix but eventually settle out. (Ex: sand in water)
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| 37 |
What are ionic bonds?
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Positively and negatively charged ions that are attracted to one another.
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| 38 |
Ionic compounds that exist as solids, but dissociate into solution are called
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electrolytes
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| 39 |
What is a covalent bond?
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A chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more electrons to create molecules. They...
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| 40 |
What makes a covalent bond nonpolar?
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the electrons shared by the adjacent atoms in the bonds
are shared equally.These bonds create...
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| 41 |
What is a polar covalent bond?
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The electrons shared by the adjacent atoms in the bonds are unequally shared.These bonds create...
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| 42 |
What are some characteristics of hydrogen bonds?
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They are weak, support large molecular shapes, create water surface tension and ice cubes
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| 43 |
What are some characteristics of free radicals?
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1) They are bad!2) They are formed when an atom has an unpaired electron in the...
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| 44 |
What are antioxidants?
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They inactivate oxygen-derived free radicals (prevent FR from stealing electrons).Examples: ...
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| 45 |
Metabolism is
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the sum of ALL chemical reactions in the body
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| 46 |
Reactants are
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the starting substances of a chemical reaction
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| 47 |
Products are
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the ending substances of a chemical reaction
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| 48 |
The law of conservation of mass states
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mass of reactants equals the mass of products
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| 49 |
A combination (synthesis) reaction is
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when two or more reactants are chemically bonded together to produce a single productA...
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| 50 |
A decomposition reaction is when
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a more complex substance breaks down into
its more simple parts. One reactant yields...
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| 51 |
What are exchange reactions?
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They involve chemical components being exchanged between phases, so
compositions change,...
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| 52 |
Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions are
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the basis for food fuels to be catabolized (broken down) for energy. A reactant losing...
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| 53 |
Energy is
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the capacity to do work.
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| 54 |
What is kinetic energy?
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The energy of motion.
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| 55 |
What is potential energy?
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The stored energy of position.
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| 56 |
Describe an exergonic reaction.
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Energy is released, usually as heat. Involved in the catabolism of food.
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| 57 |
Describe an endergonic reaction.
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Requires energy be added (usually from ATP), forms bonds, and involved in the formation of...
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| 58 |
The law of conservation of energy states
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energy present at start and end of a chemical reaction are equal.Energy can neither be created...
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| 59 |
Describe a catalyst
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A catalyst itself is unchanged at the end of a reaction.Often re-used many times.Increase frequency...
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| 60 |
Activation energy is
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energy needed to break bonds and begin reactions.high temperature, small particles, high concentration...
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| 61 |
Inorganic compounds usually lack ______ and are simple molecules.
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Carbon. Usually dissociate in water to produce ions (electrolyte solutions).
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| 62 |
Organic compounds contain ____, hydrogen and usually oxygen and have ________ bonds.
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Carbon, covalent
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| 63 |
Salts are made up of
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ions and electrolytes (current)
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| 64 |
What are some characteristics of water?
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High heat capacity and and heat of vaporization.Universal solvent and body's major transport...
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| 65 |
Hydrophilic means
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polar covalent bonds and dissolve in water
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| 66 |
Hydrophobic means
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non-polar bonds and do not dissolve in water
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| 67 |
Water's role as a solvent makes it essential for
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health and survival
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| 68 |
Acids and bases react in body to form
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salts
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| 69 |
Salts _____ in water and dissociate into cations and anions.
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dissolve
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| 70 |
Solutions that are _____ have a high H+ and low pH
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acidic
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| 71 |
______ solutations have a low H+ and high pH.
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Alkaline
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| 72 |
Solutions that have equal H+ and OH- are
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neutral
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| 73 |
Buffers resist large _____ in pH
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swings
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| 74 |
pH 0-6.99pH 7.01-14pH 7.00
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AcidicBasicNeutral
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| 75 |
pH# represents a _____ difference in H ion concentration.
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10x
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| 76 |
Normal blood pH =
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7.35-7.45Alkalosis: 7.5-7.8 (dizzy, agitated)Acidosis: 7.0-7.3 (disoriented,...
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| 77 |
What are carbohydrates?
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Most of the energy needed for life.Build structures, generate ATP and energy reserves.
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| 78 |
Examples of monosaccharides are
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glucose, fructose, galactose
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| 79 |
Examples of disaccharides are
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sucrose, maltose, lactose
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| 80 |
Examples of polysaccharides are
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glycogen, starch, cellulose-fiber
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| 81 |
Polymers are
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chain-like arrangements of similar molecules
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| 82 |
Some characteristics of lipids are
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1) hydrophobic and mostly insoluble in water2) combine with protein (lipoproteins)...
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| 83 |
Describe proteins and their functions
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1) Structural material of the body2) Needed for muscle contraction3) Transport...
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| 84 |
What are nucleic acids?
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) forms genetic codes inside each cellGuide cell's assembly of amino...
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| 85 |
Describe DNA
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double-stranded helixlocated in the nucleusinstructions for protein synthesisdirects human...
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| 86 |
Describe RNA
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single-stranded helixcarries out DNA orders for protein synthesislocated in the nucleus and...
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| 87 |
ATP (adensine triphosphate) is a source of ______ for the cell
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energy
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| 88 |
1 glucose molecule creates _____ molecules of ATP
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36-38
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| 89 |
If the atomic number of Ca2+ is 20 and the mass number is 22, how many electrons does Ca2+...
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18 (20-2=18)
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| 90 |
A ______ is an example of a catalyst.
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enzyme
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| 91 |
When you row a boat, your arms provide _______ energy
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mechanical
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