Flashcard Set Preview
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aphasia
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a disruption in using and understanding language following neurological injury or disease that...
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circumlocution
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the use of descriptions, definitions, or sound effects for target words
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crossed aphasia
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a rare aphasia with varied impairments resulting from lesions to the nondominant, and thus...
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agrammatism
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the production of short utterances that consist primarily of content words such as nouns and...
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paragrammatism
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speech characterized by substitution of inappropriate syntactic elements- inappropriate juxtaposition...
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phonemic paraphasias
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sound errors involving substitutions, additions, omissions, and/or rearragements of target...
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semantic paraphasias
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word choice error that is semantically related to the target word.
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neologism
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subtitution of nonwords
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jargon
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production of entire sentences in which all content words, and in some cases functor words...
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sustained attention
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the ability to maintain attention and, thus, consistent preformance over long periods of time
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divided attention
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a complex attentional skill of attending to and completing concurrently more than one task,...
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attention switching
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the process of moving attentional focus from one task, stimulus, or stimulus property to another
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declarative memory
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a form of long term memory that holds information that can be stored and accessed explicitly...
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semantic memory
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a subdivition of declarative memory that holds context-independent, factual memories
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episodic memory
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a subdivision of declarative memory that containts context-dependent or autobiographical memories
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nondeclarative memory
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a form of long-term memory that can be evoked and, in some cases, stored unconsciously
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anterograde memories
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long term memories that are stored after brain damage has occured, or after the onset of the...
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retrograde memories
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those memories acquired prior to brain damage or neurological disease onset
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encoding
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the process of maintaining information in working memory and then transferring that information...
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executive functions
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the set of high-level, interrelated cognitive abilities responsible for generating, selecting,...
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canonical
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a sentence using the active voice
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stereotypic utterances
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repeated involuntary, no propositional(no purpose for saying) utterance-iterative: recurrent...
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perseveration
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a response that was formerly correct is now produced in error in a new context (get stuck on...
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attention
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*attention for all different sort of task, where brain lights up differs-frontal cortex (very...
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Frontotemporal Dementia FTD medical abbreviation
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*fairly recent diagnosis -also called lobar atrophy(atrophy of a lobe of...
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Frontotemporal Dementia FTD Pathologies
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-Tau positive(40% of all cases)(Tau = proteins in neuron that fastens microtubules to cell...
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pseudodementia
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a syndrome seen in older people in which they exhibit symptoms consistent with dementia the...
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phonological dyslexia
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an inability to produce novel words due to poor grapheme-phoneme
knowledge; the patient exhibits...
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surface dyslexia
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a subtype of dyslexia characterized by a difficulty in the lexical
access of word meaings....
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deep dyslexia
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An ACQUIRED READING DISORDER in which previously skilled readers can no longer read aloud function...
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mixed phonemic-semantic paraphasia
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-both sound and meaning relatinship; cant tell for sure which caused par aphasia-AKA verbal-phonological...
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Stroke (CVA)cerebrovascular accident
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-interruption of the blood supply to the brain -characterized by sudden development...
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Occlusive stroke
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caused by process of atherosclerosis(arteriosclerosis)-plaque gradually accumulated inside...
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Transient ischemic attack(TIA)
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temporary interruption/insufficient blood supply -not a stroke if transient,...
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thrombotic stroke
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If untreated, process of atherosclerosis results inthrombosis: localized buildup of fatty substances...
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embolic stroke
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-embolism: blockage in distal artery -embolus:...
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Occlusive stroke often cause by
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-HTN=hypertension=high blood pressure-DM=diabetes mellitus
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Risk for Stroke
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-increased risk of stroke with HTN, TIAs, cardiac disease, smoking, obesity, oral contraceptives
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Types of stroke survival rates
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Approx 50% of all stroke cases survive after 30 days-Infarction = best chance of survival,...
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Drugs to aid stroke
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-Administration of TPA(tissue plasminogen activator) within 3 hours of onset decreases...
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Types Tramatic bran injury (TBI
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Penetrating = open head injuries - fracture skull and...
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Types of Injury that cause TBIAcceleration Injuries
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moving object strikes head or moving head strikes object (auto accident moving head strikes...
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TBI Blast Injury Causes
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caused by primary over pressurization wave-air compression in front of blast; +phase followed...
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TBI Blast Injury Affects
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-neurologic impairments from primary pressure wave -air...
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Blast Injuries
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leading cause of death in blast victims-subarachnoid and subdural hemorrhage-BI(brain injury)...
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Blast Injuries Signs and Symptoms
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Signs(objective things found on examination) and Symptoms(persons complaint, subjective)-range...
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Broca’s Area
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-ability to produce words fluently and easily-converts phonological-lexical information into...
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Wernicke’s Area
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-”stores” phonological (acoustic) representations of words*able to activate or call up...
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Phonology
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rules for choosing sounds and combining the to form words-L perisylvian regions of parietal...
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Arcuate Fasciculus (sub-cortical)
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-band of fibers(white matter = nerve fibers) connecting Wernicke’s area an Broca’s...
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L temporo-parieto-occipital junction
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where come together called Heteromodal(same mode) association area *temporal...
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Syntactic and semantic formation of sentencesIn Brain
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-Wernicke’s area and supramarginal gyrus (in heterodox association area)-info then sent forward...
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Grammarin brain
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-Agrammatism-characterized by omissions(mainly of functor words) -Broca’s...
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Language ComprehensionIn brain
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-speech arrives at cortex in Heschl’s gyrus-fibers from corpus callosum send info received...
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Speech ComprehensionIn brain
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-Wernicke’s area
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Auditory Informationin brain
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CN 8 auditory nerve | Brain Stem ...
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Left Hemispher Brain Function
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fast changing aspects of incoming information (segmental = phoneme) -frequency ...
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Right Hemisphere Brain Function
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slower changing aspects of speech info coming in -suprasegmental (above level...
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ReadingIn brain
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-some modals advocate a dual route for information to travel -semantic route...
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Attention for languageIn brain
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-frontal cortex (very important to attention)-perisylvian association cortex(B area, W area)-thalamus...
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MemoryIn brain
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-hippocampus formation (located cerebral hemispheres)-amygdala (locates cerebral hemisphere)-both...
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Reasoning and problem solvingIn Brain
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*higher level cog functioning abilities,-no one single region-However, damage to prefrontal...
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Meta Cognitions and Executive functionsIn Brain
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-met cognition: thinking about thinking, (knowledge we have about how we think, having some...
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Attention In Brian
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-reticular formation(basal ganglia)*extends down to brain stem-frontal cortex -particularly...
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Working memoryin Brain
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-supramarginal gyrus-temporal cortex-frontal cortex
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Basic cognitive processes
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-attention -perception-memory-orientation(who you are where you are and whose around you) ...
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Higher level cognitive processes
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-planning and organization-initiation-reasoning and problem solving-executive functions (some...
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Language Systems
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-phonology (rules that govern how speech sounds of a language and how they can be combined...
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Alzheimer’s disease(one form of dementia) AD or DAT medical abbreviations
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-atrophy(shrinking or wasting away of tissue) of brain tissue-neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic...
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narrative discourse (tells a story)
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-cohesion-Informativeness-Efficiency-Story Grammar
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Narrative Discourse Analysis Cohesion
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cohesion = every sent in discourse is connected to another sent in the discourse by mean of...
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Narrative Discourse Analysis Informativeness
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-main concepts (aphasia use Cinderella story often) -main information about...
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Narrative Discourse Analysis Efficiency
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-number of units/time -number of CIU(correct information unit)‘s/minute ...
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Narrative Discourse Analysis Story Grammar
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-setting-complicating action-resolution*most narratives longer than just this*looked at in...
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Procedural Discourse Analysis
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-procedures: -obligatory steps -optional steps-get NBD...
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Conversational discourse
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-Grice’s principle of cooperation -speaker: informative, truthful, relevant,...
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Conversational discourse Analysis
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-count number of turns -specify turns of each participant-count...
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Conversational manageme
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-turn taking -adjacency pair: speaker turn is followed by a predictable...
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ability to produce speech fluently
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-Easily, without effort-Norm rate(speed, words/syllable per minute)-Normal Phrase length(breath...
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Non-fluent(not dysfluent) Aphasia
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few words, usually 4 or fewer per breath group or without significant pause -if unsure, average...
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Fluent Aphasia
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fluent = 9 or more words pre breath phrase or without significant pause-borderline fluent(still...
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Alzheimer’s Disease Risk Factors
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-old age-Down Syndrome or family history of Down Syndrome-history of leukemia-advanced age...
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Alzheimer’s Disease Protective factors
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-rich social network-early diagnosis and treatment of vascular disorders-possibly high education...
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semantic networks
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view in psycholinguistics that our knowledge store takes the form of a network. A concept is...
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BCS AphasiaAnomic
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-fluent aphasia-relatively good auditory comprehension except for long or abstract material-relatively...
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BCS AphasiaConduction
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-fluent aphasia-relatively good auditory comprehension except for long or abstract material-poor...
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BCS AphasiaTranscortical Sensory
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-fluent aphasia-poor auditory comp-repetition good relative to oral expression, patient is...
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BCS AphasiaWernicke's
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-fluent aphasia-relatively poor auditory comprehension and poor self monitoring of their own...
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BCS AphasiaTranscortical Motor
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-nonfluent aphaisa-relatively good auditory comp-repetition good relative to oral expression-oral...
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BCS AphasiaBroca's
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-nonfluent aphasia (look at previous notes for)-relatively good auditory comprehension-relatively...
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BCS AphasiaTranscortical Mixed
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-like global aphasia with ability to repeat-lesion: watershed area(area where posterior, anterior...
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BCS Aphasiaglobal
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-nonfluent aphasia-poor auditory comprehension-poor repetition-oral expression: severely impaired;...
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Subcortical aphasias
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-damage primarily beneath cortex -internal capsule -basal...
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perception
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the mental representation of a stimulus, called a percept
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