Flashcard Set Preview
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withdrawal
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symptoms that occur when drug use discontinued after heavy and/or prolonged use
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tolerance
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when same dose of psychoactive chemical, when given repeatedly, produces diminished effects
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cross tolerance
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the ability of pharmacologically similar psychoactive chemicals to substitute for one another...
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abuse liability
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level of risk associated with a psychoactive chemical that potentially leads to repeated use...
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reticular activating system
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part of CNS that is responsible for a person's state of arousal
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limbic system
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part of CNS that is responsible for emotion
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basal ganglia
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part of CNS that is responsible for involuntary and fine motor skills
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cerebral cortex
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part of limbic system that controls voluntary motor skills and sensory input
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hypothalamus
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part of limbic system that acts as liason between CNS and autonomic nervous system
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autonomic nervous system
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component of peripheral nervous system that monitors unconscious bodily functions, including...
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sympathetic nervous system
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secondary system of the autonomic nervous system that, when activated, will increase breathing,...
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parasympathetic nervous system
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secondary system of autonomic nervous system that, when activated, decreases breathing, HR,...
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excitatory
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neurotransmitter that tells a neuron to send a message to its targeted cells
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inhibitory
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neurotransmitter that tells a neuron not to send a message to its targeted cells
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acetylcholine
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both inhibitory/excitatory. found in basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, RAS, PNS. hallucinogens,...
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norepinepherine
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both excitatory/inhibitory/ limbic system, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, RAS, brain stem,...
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epinepherine
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excitatory. found in CNS and PNS. nicotine and MDMA
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dopamine
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inhibitory. basal ganglia, limbic system, hypothalamus. CNS stim and heroin
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serotonin
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inhibitory. basal ganglia, limbic system, brain stem, spinal cord, cerebral cortex. CNS stim,...
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GABA
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inhibitory. basal ganglia, limbic system, cerebral cortex. CNS depressants
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reuptake
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process by which neurotrans. which have just reacted to a neuron are taken back into a neuron
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agonist
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psychoactive chemical that binds to a neuron and elicits a reaction as though it were a neurotrans
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antagonist
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psych chemical that binds to a neuron and prevents other neurotrans from binding to the neuron
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sedative-hypnotics
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subs used to alleviate anxiety/induce sleep
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potentiation
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substances taken together work synergistically to produce an effect greater than expected due...
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alcohol's neurotransmitters
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GABA, dopamine, serotonin
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stages of ETOH dependence
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eartly stage: sneaking to drink, feelings of guilt. setting goals and failing. middle: loss...
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alcohol detox stages
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can be fatal. tremors, hallucinations, withdrawal seizures, delirium tremens
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alcohol pharmacotherapies
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Disulfiram (Antabuse), Naltrexone (ReVia), Acamprosate (Campral)
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Disulfiram-Antabuse
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prevents acetaldehyde from being metabolized and making pt ill if they consume ETOH
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Naltrexone-ReVia
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reduces craving mechanism for alcohol
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Acamprosate-Campral
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restores balance between excitatory and inhibitory neural activity
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Barbituates' method of action
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increase GABA in brain stem (induces sleep and depresses muscular system)
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Benzo's method of action
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Activate GABA in limbic system, reticular activating system, motor cortex
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Benzo antagonists
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Mazicon and Romazicon: reverse effects of benzos before potentially lethal OD occurs
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Amphetamine method of action
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increase release and blocking of norepi, dopamine, adrenaline, serotonin
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nucleus accumbens
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part of brain responsible for the reinforcing effects of a psychoactive chemical
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cocaine's method of action
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blocks reuptake of dopamine, norepi, serotonin. increased dopamine in nucleus accumbens produces...
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xanthines
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a naturally occurring category of stimulants that includes caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine
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caffeine's method of action
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increases norepi and blocks effects of adenosine, a transmitter that inhibits the release of...
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Nicotine mechanism of action
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1. increase of norepi and epi, mimics acetylcholine. 2. blocks nicotinic cholinergic receptors...
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heroin mechanism of action
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activates naturally present opioid receptors in brain that are usually reserved for endorphins
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endorphins
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natural peptides throughout the body that combat pain and stress
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methadone
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a synthetic narcotic mainly used as replacemnet therapy for heroin dependents. LAAM: long-acting
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opiate derivatives method of action
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activate naturally present opioid receptors reserved for endorphins. prevent sensation of pain.
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MPTP
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a designer narcotic in the 1980s that paralyzed user and created Parkinsonian-like symptoms
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LSD mechanism of action
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Mimics serotonin and activates its receptors for longer periods of time: Hypothalamus, limbic...
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PCP mechanism of action
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activates the receptors of glutamate, an excitatory neurotrans. absorbs by fatty tissue and...
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