Flashcard Set Preview
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| 1 |
What is a nerve pathway?
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A nerve pathway are the 'directions' an impulse goes through and the simplest pathway is a...
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| 2 |
What is the general concept of the pathway; it's parts and directions?
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The general concept of the pathway; it's parts and directions: Sensor----> afferent nerve--->(into...
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| 3 |
What are reflexes?
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Reflexes are automatic, subconscious responses to changes (Stimuli) occuring both internally...
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| 4 |
What do reflexes maintain?
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Reflexes maintain homeostasis (heart rate, b/p, breathing rate, and digestion) and automatic...
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| 5 |
What are some examples of reflexes?
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1.) Knee jerk: two neurons are/monosynaptic and involves a sensory neuron directly connecting...
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| 6 |
What is the spinal cord composed of?
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The Spinal cord is composed of 31 segments, each giving rise to a spinal nerve and serves as...
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| 7 |
Where does the spinal cord start and end?
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The spinal cord starts at the foramen magnum and ends at the 1st/2nd lumbar vertebrae at the...
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| 8 |
Where do nerve fibers extend from and what does this attach to?
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Nerve fibers extend down from where the cord ends, which is called filum terminale and this...
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| 9 |
What is internal gray matter of the spinal cord?
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The internal gray matter is shaped like a butterfly and has posterior, anterior, and lateral...
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| 10 |
What is the central canal?
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The central canal is continous with the ventricles of the brain and contains CSF.
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| 11 |
What is outside the gray matter?
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'Outside" the gray matter the spinal cord has white matter; it is divided by the gray matter...
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| 12 |
What does the peripheral nervous system include?
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The peripheral nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves.
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| 13 |
What are the somatic fibers responsible for?
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The somatic fibers are responsible for conscious activities in skin and muscle.
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| 14 |
What are automatic fibers responsible for?
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Automatic fibers are responsible for unconscious actions in the viscera.
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| 15 |
Where do the spinal nerves emerge from?
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Out of the 31 pairs of spinal nerves, each spinal nerve emerges from the cord by two short...
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| 16 |
What does the dorsal root consist of?
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The dorsal root consists of sensory fibers that transmit impulses to the spinal cord from the...
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| 17 |
What do the ventral roots contain?
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The ventral roots contains axons from the motor neurons leaving the spinal cord (impulses form...
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| 18 |
What do most anterior branches of the spinal nerves combine to do?
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Most anterior branches of the spinal cord combine to form plexuses ( networks that direct nerve...
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| 19 |
Name the locations of the plexuses.
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Location of plexuses:
1.) Cervical: C1 to C4
2.) Brachial plexuses: C5 to T1
3.) Lumbrosacral:...
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| 20 |
What are dermatomes?
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Dermatomes are surface areas that are supplied by sensory nerve fibers of a single nerve fiber...
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| 21 |
What are the characteristics of the somatic nervous system?
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The characteristics of the somatic nervous system: Consists of cranial and spinal nerves that...
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| 22 |
What are the characteristics of the autonomic nervous system?
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The characteristics of the autonomic nervous system: Consists of cranial and spinal nerves...
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| 23 |
What is the autonomic division divided into?
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The autonomic division is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
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| 24 |
Where do the preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division originate from?
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The preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division orginate from all of the THORACIC segments...
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| 25 |
What is the sympathetic division?
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The sympathetic divison is the 'fight or flight' system; stimulates the body during times of...
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| 26 |
What does sympathetic stimulation involve?
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Sympathetic stimulation involves: an increase in heart rate, increase in blood pressure, dilation...
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| 27 |
Where do the preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic NS originate from?
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The preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic NS originate from neurons in the modbrain,...
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| 28 |
What is the parasympathetic division ?
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The parasympathetic divison is the 'resting and digesting system' and is concerned to keep...
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| 29 |
What does the response to parasympathetic stimulation involve?
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Response to parasympathetic stimulation involves decreasing heart rate, blood pressure, breathing...
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| 30 |
What is one of the functions of the spinal cord?
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Remember one of the functions of the spinal cord is to act as a two way communication between...
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| 31 |
What are the two types of tracts?
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There are two types of tracts: ascending and descending. ascending go up and are the sensory...
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| 32 |
What is the concept of cross over?
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The concept of cross over: the tracts (both ascending and descending) 'cross over' or 'cross...
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| 33 |
What is the consequence of cross over?
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The consequence of cross over; sensory nerve fibers on right side of body will be 'eceived'...
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| 34 |
What are the major parts of the brain?
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The major parts of the brain: Cerebrum, basal ganglia (somewhat a part of the cerebrum), diencephalons,...
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| 35 |
What is the cerebrum divided into?
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The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres connected by a bundle of nerve fibers called the...
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| 36 |
What is the anatomical term convolutions?
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Convolutions are ridges and grooves.
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| 37 |
What is the anatomical term gyrus?
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Gyrus is an elevated ridge.
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| 38 |
What is the anatomical term sulcus?
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Sulcus is a shallow groove.
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| 39 |
What is the anatomical term fissure?
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Fissure is a deep groove.
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| 40 |
What is the cerebrum composed of?
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The cerebrum is composed of three parts: cerecral cortex, cerebral whits matter, and basal...
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| 41 |
What is the cerebral cortex?
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The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of gray matter and deals with activities such as speech,...
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| 42 |
What is cerecral white matter composed of?
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The cerebral white matter is composed of myelinated axons that connect cerebral hemispheres...
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| 43 |
What are basal ganglia?
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The basal ganglia are pockets of gray matter involved in relaying and modifying motor impulses...
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| 44 |
What are the five lobes that deeper fissures divide the cerebrum into?
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The deeper fissures divide the cerebrum into five lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital,...
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| 45 |
What is the general association area called?
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The general association area is called wernicke's.
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| 46 |
Where is wernicke's located and what does it do?
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Wernicke's is where the parietal, temporal, and occipital association areas meet and acts as...
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| 47 |
What is the frontal lobe responsible for?
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The frontal lobe is responsible for voluntary skeletal muscle control and also has broca's...
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| 48 |
What is the parietal lobe responsible for?
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The parietal lobe is responsible for the cutaneous senses (interpretation of temperature, touch,...
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| 49 |
What is the temporal lobe responsible for?
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The temporal lobe is responsible for the auditory and olfactory signals.
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| 50 |
Where is the diencephalons located?
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The diencephalons is located between the cerebral hemispheres and above the brain stem.
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| 51 |
What important structures does the diencephalons contain?
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The diencephalons contains many important structures: optic tracts, optic chiasma, infundibulum,...
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| 52 |
What is the thalamus?
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The thalamus consists of two oval masses of gray matter covered by a thin layer of white matter...
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| 53 |
What does the thalamus receive?
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The thalamus receives all sensory impulses except for those associated with the sense of smell.
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| 54 |
What is the hypothalamus?
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The hypothalamus is located just below the thalamus and is the main visceral control center...
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| 55 |
What does the hypothalamus regulate?
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The hypothalamus regulates: heart rate, arterial pressure, body temp, water and electrolyte...
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| 56 |
What is the limbic system?
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The limbic system is a group of structures that serve as the 'emotional brain'.
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| 57 |
What does the limbic system produce?
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The limbic system produces feelings (anger, fear, pleasure), differentiates pleasant from unpleasant,...
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| 58 |
What is the limbic system responsible for?
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The limbic system is responsible for 'odors' evoking emotional reactions or memories.
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| 59 |
What does the brain stem connect?
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The brain stem connects the diencephalons to the spinal cord.
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| 60 |
What does the brain stem consist of?
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The brain stem consists of three main divisions: midbrain, pons, and the medulla oblongata.
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| 61 |
What does the midbrain contain?
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The midbrain contains the reflex centers that move the eyes and head and maintain posture.
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| 62 |
What does the pons do?
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The pons relays messages to and from the medulla oblongata and cerebrum; controls the rate...
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| 63 |
What does the medulla oblongata do?
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The medulla oblongata conducts ascending and descending impulses between brain and spinal cord;...
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| 64 |
What is reticular formation?
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The reticular formation is a complex nerve fiber network that controls the general wakefulness...
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| 65 |
What happens if the reticular formation is injured?
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Injury to the reticular formation---->cerebral cortex is unaware of stimulation---->...
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| 66 |
Where is the cerebellum located?
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The cerebellum is located under the occipital lobe and consists of two hemispheres seperated...
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| 67 |
What is the cerebellum's function?
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The cerebellum functions to communicate with other parts of the CAN and integrates sensory...
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| 68 |
What are the brain and spinal cord protected by?
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The brain and spinal cord are protected by bone and protective membranes called meninges.
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| 69 |
What do the meninges consist of?
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Th meninges consist of three layers of connective tissue (dura mater, arachnoid mater, and...
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| 70 |
What is the dura mater?
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The dura mater is the outer layer and has many nerves and blood vessels.
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| 71 |
What is the arachnoid mater?
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The arachnoid mater contains CSF.
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| 72 |
What is the pia mater?
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The pia mater is a thin membrane that serves to nourish the underlying cells of the brain and...
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| 73 |
How many ventricles in the brain are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord?
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There are four ventricles in the brain that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal...
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| 74 |
What is the choroid plexuses?
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The choroid plexuses are masses of specialized capillaries from the pia mater the project into...
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| 75 |
What covers the choroid plexuses?
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Ependymal cells cover the choroid plexuses and serve to regulate the composition of CSF and...
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| 76 |
What are the functions of CSF?
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The functions of CSF: Cushions the brain and spinal cord; protects against mechanical forces...
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| 77 |
What are cranial nerves?
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Cranial nerves are 12 pairs of nerves attached to under the surface of the brain to parts in...
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| 78 |
Where do the cranial nerves go?
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Of the 12 pairs leaving the brain: one pair from the cerebellum (olfactory); one pair from...
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