Flashcard Set Preview
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Theory
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set of logically related ideas and symbols that represent what we think is happening in the...
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Issuesin Realism
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DiplomacyWarTrade RelationCultural ExchangesInt'l Organizations
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Individual Level
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analysis of perceptions, choices, and actions of individual human beings
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State Level of Analysis
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Analysis of aggregations of actors within states including interest groups, political organizations...
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international/systemic level
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analyzing the influence of the international system
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Theoretical Perspectives
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RealismLiberalismIdentityRadicalism
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Realism
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Most dominating theory among world leaders and scholars
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Source of Realism: Machiavelli
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wrote The PrinceDescribed world as it is, not as it should beMorality for the Prince is...
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Source of Realism: Hobbes
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wrote The Leviathanbasic nature is that of continual conflict and competitionLife is nastyimposition...
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Source of Realism: Morgenthau
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wrote Politics Among NationsPolitics is governed by objective knowable lawsKey focus on...
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What makes political science scientific?
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TheoryDefinitionHypothesis
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Source of Realism: George Kennan
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architect of US Cold War poilicy prevent USSR power from spreading
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Source of Realism: Kenneth Waltz
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wrote Theory of International Politicsconcentrates on the systemic level: Neo-RealismInt'l...
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Main Propositions of Realism
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States are principal actors, unitary and rational, interest is defined as the expansion and...
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Neorealism
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Int'l SystemBalance of power: bipolar system=more stable worldMain interest is security not...
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Criticisms of Realism
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Growing of various actorsValidity of the concept of a unitary actorDecline of major power war...
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Source of Liberalism: Enlightenment
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Focus on rationality and progressIf something is wrong, that comes from corrupted societyInstitutional...
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Sources of LIberalism: Business Pacifism
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"Manchester Thesis"Increased interdependence makes war impossible
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Main Propositions of Liberalism
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The world is contignent: compete for powerMultiple channels: IGO'sNon-governmental org.s Multiple...
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Neoliberalism
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Cooperation in global politics is expected b/c of self interestsThe importance of int'l interests...
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International Regime
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set of rules, norms, and procedures around which expectations of actors converge in a certain...
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Challenge to Liberal Model
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Int'l institutions have had a very mixed record in preventing war.State power continues to...
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Constructivism
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Arises from radical interpretivism that asserts that there is no single agreed upon criterion...
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Sources of Constructivism: Wendt
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Post-modernismGermanMost InfluentialA reality of IR is constructed from the collected sets...
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Constructivist Interest
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groups of people together define what is good and bad and what the goals of society are
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Constructivist Identity
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Identities change
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Main Propositions of Radicalism
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Deepening dependencyCompetitionPerpetuation of Status Quo
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Emphasis of Radicalism
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Primacy of EconomicsStructural EmphasisNon traditional actors (class, int'l inst., Multi-nat'l...
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Source of Radicalism: Karl Marx
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wrote Das KapitalClass structure based on means of productionsEvolutionary progression...
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Source of Radicalism: V.I. Lenin
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wrote Imperialism: The Highest State of CapitalismOverproductionsUnderconsumptionConolizationWar
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Dependency Theorists of Radicalism
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Former colonial powers continue to exploit former colonies
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Source of Radicalism: Immanuel Wallerstein
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wrote The Modern World Systemcore; periphery; semi-periphery
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Challenges to Radical Theory
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Failure of Marxism/Leninism as an alternative to liberal democracyLess developed states have...
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System
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an assemblance committed by some form of regular interaction
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Systems in Neorealism
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The international system acts to determine the behavior of the units by virtue of -its...
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Polarity
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Number of blocs of states that exert power in the intern'l system
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Realist Perspective: Causes of WWI?
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Rise of GermanyLoss of alliance flexibilityGermans saw Russia as a rising powerEnd of British...
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Realist Perspective: Causes of WWII?
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Rise of German and Japanese powerPower vacuumFailure to balance
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Power
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The ability to get someone to do something they would not have otherwise done
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Sources of state power
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Natural resources(population, geog, resources)Tangible sources (military, economy)intangible...
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How to use state power?: Diplomacy
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Suggest that a better relationship would follow or that negative consequences will follow under...
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Foreign Policy
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Gov'tal policies targeting foreign entities
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Who makes US foreign policy?
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Executive branchDept. of DefenseState Dept.
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What does the Legislative branch do with FP?
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Ratification of treatiesConfirmation of appointmentsDeclaration of warAppropriationFP lobbies
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Types of Domestic Interest Groups
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EconomicNationalResearchersPublic Opinion on major issues
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Models of FP decision making
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RationalBureaucratic/OrganizationalPluralistic
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Rational Model of Foreign Policy
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policies chosen by the national gov't that maximizes its strategic goals
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Characteristics of Rational Model of FP
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Unitary actor assumes a single set of goalsProblems and goals are clearly definedAlternative...
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Bureaucratic/Organizational Model of FP
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products of pull and haul of different gov'tal units
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Characteristics of Bureaucratic/Org. Model of FP
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Different parts of bureaucracy have diff. objectivesProblems and goals are ambiguousAlternatives...
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Pluralist Model of FP
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result of the interplay of a variety of interests in a democratic system
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Influence on Pluralist Model of FP
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PoliticiansInterest groupsMultinational corporationsPublic opinion
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Cognitive Consistency
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more likely to accept info. consistent with assumptions
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Evoked set
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look for anything similar to info from past situation
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Psychological factors affecting individuals information processing
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Cognitive ConsistencyEvoked SetMirror ImageGroupthink
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Mirror Image
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assume opponents have opposite characteristics
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Groupthink
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Tend to form and stay with a group's consensus
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Groupthink tendencies
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Overestimate its own power and moralityExhibits closed-mindednessStrong pressures for uniformity
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Evoked set tendencies
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Look for anything similar to info from the pastSources Precedent
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What is war?
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Organized violence, carried by political units against each other
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Interstate war
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a military conflict waged between national entities at least one of which is a state, which...
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Obsolescence of war arguments
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Nationalism and democratizationDe legitimated Aggressive warTradingNuclear War
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Preemptive war
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Striking in anticipation of an imminent adversary attackDoes not want war but believe it is...
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Preventative war
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Response to future threatWant war in the short term to avoid the risk of a worse war
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Causes of war: Individual Level
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Aggresive characterisitics of leadersMisperception of leadersMisperception of the publicGroupthinkStandard...
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Causes of war: Domestic Level
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National interestsTerritorial gainsPolitical interestDemocratic peaceDemocratic war
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Causes of war: Systemic level
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"Wars occur when there is nothing to prevent"AnarchyBalance of powerPower of transition Inevitability
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Origins of Cold war: realism
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Soviet and US aggressionAnarchy
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Expansion of Cold War: realism
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Proxy warsBalance of terror, not power
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It was strange that the US dropped "little boy" on Hiroshima because...
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No major military installationNo destruction from previous bombingNo POW camp
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Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)
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stability could be maintained between the nuclear powers because they were both vulnerable...
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Second strike capability
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Increasing number of nuclear stockpileMore offensiveLaunching capabilities
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Origins of Cold War: Liberal
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Breakdown of negotiationsRoosevelt died and was replaced by Harry Truman
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Expansion and End of cold war: Liberal
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Regional Collective Security Cuban Missile Crisis as a learning processDetente
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