Flashcard Set Preview
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Neuron
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nerve cell; basic building block of the nervous system.
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Dendrite
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bushy, brnachy extensions of the neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the...
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Axon
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extension of a neuron through which the messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands.
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Action Potential
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a neural impulse; brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. Generated by movement...
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Myelin
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covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses
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Threshold
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level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.
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Synapse
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the junction b/t the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of tghe receiving...
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Neurotransmitters
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chemical messengers that travel across the syanptic gaps b/t neurons.
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Endorphins
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"morphine within"...natuarl opiatelike NT linked to pain control and pleasure
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Nervous System
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the body's speedy, electrochemical communication sys. consisting of all the nerve cells of...
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Central Nervous System(CNS)
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brain and spinal cord
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Peripheral Nervous System(PNS)
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the sensory motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.
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Nerves
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neural cables containing many axons.
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Sensory Neurons
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carry incoming info from the sense receptors to the CNS.
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Interneurons
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CNS neurons that internally communicate and intervene b/t the sensory inputs and motor outputs.
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Motor Neurons
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carry outgoing info from the CNS to the muscles and glands
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Somatic Nervous System
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division of the PNS that controls the body's skeletal muscles.
(Skeletal Nervous System)
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Autonomic Nervous System
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part of the PNS that controls the glads and the muscles of the internal organs(the heart)....
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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part of the ANS that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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part of the ANS that calms the body, conserving energy
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Reflex
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simple, autonomic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus. Ex: knee-jerk response
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Endocrine
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the body's slow chemical communication sys; set of glands that secrete hormones to the bloodstream.
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Hormones
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chemical messengers, mostly made by endocrine glands, that are made in one tissue and affect...
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Adrenal Glands
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pair of endocrine glands above the kidneys. They secrete the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline...
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Pituitary Gland
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regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands
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Brainstem
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responsible for automatic survival functions
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Medulla
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base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing
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Reticular Formation
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nerve network in the brainstem that plays important role in controlling arousal.
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Thalamus
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the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem. It directs messages to the...
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Cerebellum
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the "little brain" attatched to the rear of the brainstem; helps coordinate voluntary movement...
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Limbic System
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doughnut shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem; associated with...
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Amygdala
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2 almond shaped neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to...
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Amygdala
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2 almond shaped neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to...
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Hypothalamus
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directs several maintenance activities(eating,drinking,body temp.), helps govern the endocrine...
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Cerebral Cortex
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the body's ultimate control and information processing center
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Frontal Lobes
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involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements
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Parietal Lobes
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includes the sensory cortex
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Occital Lobes
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includes the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field.
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Temporal Lobes
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includes the auditory areas, of which each reveives information primarily from the opposite...
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Motor Cortex
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controls voluntary movements
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Sensory Cortex
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registers and processes body sensations
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Association Areas
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not involved in primary motor sensory functions; involved in higher mental functions like learning,...
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Aphasia
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impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage
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Broca's Area
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controls language expression
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Wernicke's Area
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controls language reception
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Plasticity
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the brain's capacity for modification
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Corpus Callosum
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large band of neural fibers connecting the 2 brain hemispheres and carrying messages b/t them
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Split Brain
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a condition in which the 2 hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting...
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Split Brain
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a condition in which the 2 hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting...
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Culture
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the enduring behaviors, attitudes, ideas, and traditions shared by a large group of people...
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Norm
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understood rule for the expected and accepted behavior
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X Chromosome
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sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have 2 x chromosomes and males have 1....
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Y Chromosome
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sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X Chromo. from the mother, it produces...
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Testosterone
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hormone that both males and females have; the additional testosterone that males have stimulates...
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Social Learning Theory
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theory that we will learn social behavior by observing and imitating by being rewarded or punished
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Gender Shema Theory
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a concept of what it means to be male and female and adjusting behavior accordingly
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Psychoactive Drug
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a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood
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Tolerance
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diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of drug
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Withdrawal
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discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing use of an addictive drug.
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Physical Dependence
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a physiological need for a drug, marked by physical withdrawal symptoms
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Psycological Dependence
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a psycological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions
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Barbituates
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drugs that depress the activity of the CNS, reducing anxiety but imparing memory and judgement
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Opiates
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opium and its derivatives, like morphine and heroine. They depress neural activity, temporarily...
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Stimulants
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drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
(caffeine,nicotine,amphetamines,cocaine)
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Amphetamines
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speed up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
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Hallucinogens
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pyschedelic drugs, like LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the abscence...
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Stress
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process by which we respond and perceive certain events called stressors, that we think are...
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Stress
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process by which we respond and perceive certain events called stressors, that we think are...
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General Adaptation Syndrome
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concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in 3 stages--alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
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Coronary Heart Disease
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clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle
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Type A
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Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive,hard-driving,impatient,verbally aggressive, and...
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Type B
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Friedman and Rosenman's term for more easygoing people.
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Pyscophysiological Illness
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literally a "mind-body" illness; any stress related physical illness like headaches
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Lymphocytes
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2 types of blood cells that are part of the body's immune system; form in bone marrow and thymus
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Aerobic Exercise
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increases heart and lung fitness; may also aleviate depression and anxiety
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Biofeedback
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a system for electronically feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state...
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