Flashcard Set Preview
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Systematics
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The study of the evolutionary history of organisms. The basis of research communication. ...
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All Species Inventory
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Goal to identify and record every species of life on earth in the next 25 years.
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Similarities among all microorganisms
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Cells are surrounded by plasma membrane, use ATP for energy, store genetic info in DNA
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Carl Linnaeus
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1735. Developed classification system using Latin names and two groups: Plant and Animal.
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Carl von Nageli
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1857. Added bacteria and fungi to the plant kingdom.
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Ernst Haeckel
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1866. Kingdom Protista: bacteria, protozoa, algae, fungi.
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Edouard Chatton
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1937. Used the electron microscope to discover differences between cells. Coined term "prokaryote"
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Roger Stanier
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1961. IDentified the division within prokaryotes based on the nuclear membrane.
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Robert G.E. Murray
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1968. Kingdom Prokaryote
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Robert H. Whittaker
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1969. Founded the 5 kingdom system.
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Three Domain Scheme
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1978. Came about with the discovery of three cell types based on the differences in rRNA that...
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16SrRNA
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a molecular clock. 1500 bases long. is functionally constant and universally distributed.
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Endosymbiotic Theory
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a prokaryotic organism acquired mitochondria (a heterotroph) and chloroplast (a chemotroph)...
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Nucleoplasmic cell
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a prokaryote. Then infoldings in plasma membrane may have surrounded the nuclear region to...
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Cyanophora paradoxa
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provides an example of how eukaryotic cells might have evolved
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Eukaryotic Species Concept
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a group fo organisms that are closely related and can interbreed
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Prokaryotic species
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a population of cells with similar characteristics
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clone
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a pure culture of prokaryotes
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strain
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a non identical prokaryotic culture
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Methods for Bacterial identification
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Bergey's, shape, size, internal and external structures; cell wall, gram stains, special stains;...
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Stains Testing
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Acid-fast stains - test chemical composotion and waxy cell walls; gram stain - test cell walls...
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Biochemical Tests
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Enzymatic Activity - tests for fermentation of oxidase, catalase, geletinase, H2S, and methyl...
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Phenotype based tests
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Serology - studies blood serum and immune responses evident in serum or th eability to be antigenic....
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Western Blotting
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Phenotype-based test. identifies bacterial antigens in patien's serums. Detects where antibodies...
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Phage Typing
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a phenotype-based test. looks for similarites and determines which phages a bacterium is susceptible...
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Fatty Acid Profiles
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separate cellular fatty acids and compare.
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DNA Fingerprinting
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A Nucleic acid based method. Determines entire sequence by using restriction enzymes to cut...
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DNA Base Composition.
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A nucleic acid based method. Measures percentage of G + C composition. GC + AD = 100%
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RIbosomal RNA Sequencing
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a nucleic acid based method. Determines diversity and phylogenic relationships. Advantages...
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Nucleic Acid Hybridization.
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A nucleic acid-based method. A double stranded molecule is subjected to heat, the complementary...
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DNA Chip.
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A type of nucleic acid hybridization, a nucleic acid based method. Is composed of DNA probes....
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Southern Blotting
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A type of nucleic acid hybridization, a nucleic acid based method. DNA is extracted and digested.
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Polymerase Chain Reaction
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A nucleic acid based method. can increase the amount of microbial DNA to levels that can be...
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dichotmomous key
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successive questions with two answers
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cladograms
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maps of evolutionary relationships
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Genus: Azospirillum
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from alpha proteobacteria. A soil bacteria that grows in close association with roots, utilizes...
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Genus Rhizobium
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from alpha proteobacteria. a symbiotic bacteria with leguminous plants. Forms nodules on...
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Genus: agrobacterium tumefaciens.
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from alpha proteobacteria. a plant pathogen, produces a tumor=crown gall, Ti plasmid is inserted...
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Genus: Nitrobacter sp. and Nitrosomonas Sp.
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from alpha proteobacteria. A nitrifying bacteria, chemoautotroph. Nitrobacter oxidizes NH4...
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Genus Rickettsia
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From alpha proteobacteria. Gram negative coccobacilli, obligate intracellular parasites, transmitted...
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Genus Burkholderia
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Beta proteobacteria. Can degrade many compounds including hazardous chemicals, can grow in...
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Genus THiobacillus
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Beta proteobacteria. A chemoautotroph, oxidizes reduced sulfur compounds: H2S to H2SO4. ...
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Genus: Neisseria
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Beta proteobacteria. pathogenic species include neisseria gonorrhoea, neisseria meningitidis....
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Genus: Pseudomonas
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Gamma proteobacteria. Common in soil and water. Can metabolize a variety of substrates, infects...
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Genus: Escherichia
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From Order enterobacteriales, Class Gamma proteobacteria. A clinically important group of...
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Genus Salmonella
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Order Enterobacteriales, Gamma proteobacteria. Pathogenic, in intestinal tracts of animals,...
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Genus Shigella
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Order enterobacteriales, gamma proteobacteria. Bacillary dysentery
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Genus: Serratia marcescens
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Order enterobacteriales, gamma proteobacteria. A red pigment, nosocomial infection, an opportunistic...
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Genus: Yersina pestis
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order enterobacteriales, gamma proteobacteria. The black death. Carried by urban rats, squirrels,...
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Genus:Vibrio
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order enterobacteriales, gamma proteobacteria. Facultative anaerobes, slightly curved rods,...
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Genus: haemophiles
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order enterobacteriales, gamma proteobacteria. Commonly inhabits mucous membranes, respiratory...
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ANoxygenic bacterial photosynthesis
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alpha, gamma, and non proteobacteria. In Anaerobic lakes or ponds, bacteriochlorophylls present,...
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Domain archaea
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Methanogens-obligate anaerobes, produce methane, important in digestion. Halophiles - extreme...
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Adolf Mayer
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Virus work with tobacco mosaic disease, 1886
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Dimitri A. Iwanowski
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Continued Mayer's work on viruses with tobacco mosaic disease in 1892.
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General Characteristics of Viruses
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acellular, too small to be seen with a compound microscope, obligate intracellular parasites...
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Viral Components
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A central, inner core nucleic acid that is either single or double stranded and DNA or RNA...
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Capsid Architecture
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Helical, polyhedral (icosahedron-20 faces, 12 corners), and naked or enveloped. Complex virus:...
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Growing a bacteriophage
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Viruses must be grown in living cells. Bacteriophage form plaques on a lawn of bacteria or...
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