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Cards In This Set
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Appeal to Ignorance
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Because something is not known to be true, it is assumed to be false (or conversely).
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Begging the Question
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The truth of the conclusion is already assumed in the premises.
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Complex Question
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Two unrelated points are conjoined as a single proposition.
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False Dilemma
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Two choices are given when in fact there are three (or more) options.
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Hegelian Fallacy
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It is assumed that the middle position between two extremes must be correct simply because it is the middle position.
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Pseudo-Tolerance
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The assumption that "I must respect all opinions" (or some variation) ends the need for further consideration of an issue.
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Relativist Fallacy
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A person rejects a claim by asserting that the claim might be true for others but is not for him/her.
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Who is to say?
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The rhetorical “Who is to say?” question is supposed to “prove” that there is no way to decide whether any position or view is better than another.
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Affirming the Consequent
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Any argument of the form: If p then q, q, therefore p.
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Denying the Antecedent
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Any argument of the form: If p then q, not p, therefore, not q.
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Inconsistency
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Asserting that contrary or contradictory statements are both true.
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Missing the Point
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An argument in defense of one conclusion instead proves a different conclusion.
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Attacking the Person
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- the person's character is attacked
- the person's circumstances are noted (circumstantial)
- the person does not practice what is preached
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Appeal to Authority
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The fact that some sort of authority states something does not, in general, serve as evidence that the claim is true.
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Style Over Substance
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The manner in which an argument (or arguer) is presented is felt to affect the truth of the conclusion.
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