Cardiovascular Drugs

32 cards

molecular biology of cardiovascular drugs

Created Dec 7, 2006
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	Side A	Side B
1	b-adrenergic receptors are what type of receptor?	GPCR
2	Where are b1 adrenergic receptors expressed?	heart
3	Where are b2 adrenergic receptors expressed?	lung
4	Where are b3 adrenergic receptors expressed?	brown and white adipose tissue
5	What are the three types of b receptors?	b1, b2, and b3
6	What are the ligands that activate b-adrenergic receptors?	cathecholamines
7	Where are catecholamines synthesized?	in the medulla of the adrenal gland
8	What pathway is activated upon ligand binding to the b-adrenergic receptors?	phosphokinase A (PKA) pathway
9	What is meant by the ionotropic effect in ventricular myocytes?	The stimulation of ion movement and activation of b1 receptors, which leads to cAMP production,...
10	What ions are transported in the ionotropic effect, and what triggers this transport?	Ca2+ ions, of which the influx is triggered by ligand binding to b1 receptors
11	What is the end result of the ionotropic effect?	Increased stroke volume and cardiac output
12	What is meant by a "beta blocker"?	b1 selective antagonists, compounds that inhibit the binding and activity of b1 adrenergic...
13	What are beta blockers used to treat?	Migraines, and unofficially use as a relaxant
14	What is Inderal� (propanolol)?	A b1 selective antagonist
15	What is Inderal� (propanolol) used to treat, and what are some of the side effects?	Treats migraines, but crosses the blood-brain barrier due to lipophilic properties and causes...
16	What is Tenormin� (atenolol), and why is this drug an improvement over Inderal�?	b1 selective antagonist, but is more hydrophilic than Inderal� and does not cross the blood-brain...
17	What would happen if there was a polymorphism in the extracellular domain of a b-adrenergic...	It would most likely prevent appropriate ligand binding and prevent initiation of the downstream...
18	What would happen if there was a polymorphism in the transmembrane domain in a b-adrenergic...	It would most likely prevent any signal transduction from the extracellular domain from reaching...
19	What would happen if there was a polymorphism in the intracellular domain of a b-adrenergic...	It would most likely affect the coupling and activation of G proteins to the receptor, and...
20	How is angiotensin II produced?	liver produces angiotensinogen kidney produces renin, which cleaves angiotensinogen into...
21	Where is angiotensinogen produced?	liver
22	Where is renin produced?	kidney
23	Where is Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) produced?	vascular tissues
24	What are the actions of angiotensin II?	regulates water and excretion in the kidneys regulates thyroid hormone production causes...
25	What type of receptors are AT receptors?	GPCR
26	Where are AT receptors found?	vascular smooth muscle cells
27	What pathway is triggered by angiotensin II binding to AT receptors?	phospholipase C
28	What is the final outcome of the phospholipase C pathway triggered by the activation of AT...	Constriction of smooth muscle cells and increased blood pressure
29	Hypertension is often linked to increased or oversecretion of renin or angiotensinogen. Why...	This would create more angiotensin II, which would cause increased contractility on the same...
30	The variation in response to ACE inhibitors is due to variations in the ACE gene caused by...	ACE insertions or deletions (ACE ID), of which the deletion may have 2x as much responsiveness...
31	What does digoxin do specifically?	Inhibits P-type transporters in cardiac muscles and increases the strength of the heart beat
32	Why does P-type ATPase inhibition contribute to digoxin's use as a cardiovascular therapeutic?	It increases cardiac output in response to decreased flow caused by fibrillation, arrhythmia,...