Flashcard Set Preview
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| 1 |
What type of machine was used by Dr. Levin to view and record the anatomy of coitus
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F-MRI scanner
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| 2 |
What happened to the shape of the male penis during coitus
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Formed a boomerang shape (not straight)
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| 3 |
How many genes does the Y chromosome carry
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60
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| 4 |
How many genes does the X chromosome carry
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3,000
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| 5 |
Which gene on the Y chromosome is responsible for the development of a male foetus
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SRY gene
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| 6 |
At what time in development does the SRY gene switch on
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6 weeks
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| 7 |
Jan johnson has what disease
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Androgen Insensitivity Syndrom
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| 8 |
AIS means
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The body did not detect the presence of testosterone, therefore staying as default sex of female
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| 9 |
Why do males and females both have nipples
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Nipples are formed in the foetus before the testosterone kicks in
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| 10 |
How much more testosterone do males have than females
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10 times
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| 11 |
Correlation between finger length and testosterone levels during foetal development
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longer ring finger = higher exposure to testosteronelonger index finger = higher exposure to...
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| 12 |
How does finger length effect heart and lungs
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Larger ring finger = more testosterone = grater development of the heart and lungs
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| 13 |
Artificial chromosomes have ben introduced into what laboratory animal
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Mice embryos
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| 14 |
What changes occurred after 6 months testosterone injections
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slight hair growthsmaller hipslarger shouldersvoice changes
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| 15 |
Does testosterone effect brain function
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YesMore difficulty recognising emotionbetter motor skillsbetter spatial awarenessworse with...
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| 16 |
Universal receiver
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Type AB rh +
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| 17 |
Universal donor
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Type O rh -
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| 18 |
Two basic categories of white blood cells
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1. Granular leukocytes2. Agranular leukocytes
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| 19 |
Which white blood cells are the most common
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Neutrophils
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| 20 |
Characteristics of WBC's
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Neutrophils - polymorphonucleated, granules purpleEosinophil - acid red granulesBasophil -...
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| 21 |
Granular WBC's
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Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
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| 22 |
Agranular WBC's
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Monocytes, lymphocytes
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| 23 |
Two types of lymphocytes
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T cellsB cells
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| 24 |
T cells
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attack inffected or cancerous cells, matured in thymust = thymus
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| 25 |
B cells
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produce antibodies, matured in the red one marrowb = bone
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| 26 |
Cuspid valves
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Between the atrium and the ventricleTricuspid valves = right side of heartBicuspid valves =...
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| 27 |
Chordae tendineae
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control cuspid valves
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| 28 |
Papillary muscles
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protrude from ventricle wall and pull on chordae tendineae
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| 29 |
Function of intercalated discs
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provide strength to hold heart together
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| 30 |
Semi lunar vavles
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Right ventricle at the beginning of the pulmonary arteryLeft ventricle at the beginning of...
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| 31 |
Sinoatrial node functions as a
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Pacemaker
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| 32 |
PQRST complex
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P - atrial depolarizationQRS complex - Ventricular depolarizationT - Ventricular repolarization
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| 33 |
Cardiomelagy
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condition where the heart is enlarged
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| 34 |
Layers of the arteries and veins
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tunica intima - endothelium & asement membranetunica media - smooth muscletunica externa/adventitia
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| 35 |
Layers that are only present in arteries
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Internal elastic laminaExternal elastic lamina
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| 36 |
Lymphoid organs
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SpleenThymusTonsilsLymph nodesPeyers Patches
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| 37 |
Appendix is an
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extension of large intestine with many lymph nodules
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| 38 |
Inflammation maintains homeostasis by
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1. removing the injuring agent if it is still present2. preventing the spread of further damage3....
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| 39 |
Basic symptoms of inflammation
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1. redness of tissues2. swelling of tissues3. heat4. pain5. impaired tissue function or movement
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| 40 |
3 events of inflammation
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1. vasodilation (change in diameter and permeability of blood vessels)2. Emigration of WBC's...
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| 41 |
Example of an acute widespread inflammatory response
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Fever
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| 42 |
Chemical that causes fever
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pyrogen
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| 43 |
The immune system compared to inflammatory response is:
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1. specific2. systemic (concerns the whole body)3. has memory
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| 44 |
2 types of immunity
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HumoralCellular
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| 45 |
Humoral immunity
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antibody-mediated immunity using B-lymphocytes
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| 46 |
Cellular immunity
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cell-mediated immunity using T-lymphocytes
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| 47 |
The secondary response from the immune system ill be
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stronger and faster
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| 48 |
2 Types of T Cells
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Helper T CellsKiller T Cells (Cytotoxic)
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| 49 |
Helper T cells
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react with APC's
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| 50 |
Cytotoxic T cells
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react with abnormal cells
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| 51 |
Two types of T cell response
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Th1 - cell mediatedTh2 - antibody mediated
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| 52 |
MS Multiple Sclerosis is when
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the immune system attacks myelin on the axons of nerves in the brain and spinal cord
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| 53 |
Diabetes Mellitus
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(type 1 insulin dependent) immune system attacks the pancreas
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| 54 |
Rheumatoid Arthritis
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immune system attacks the cartilage of bone joints
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| 55 |
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
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immune system attacks the whole body
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| 56 |
HIV kills
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helper T cells resulting in a loss of cell mediated immunity
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| 57 |
Carbon dioxide is approximately __ times __ soluble than __
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20moreoxygen
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| 58 |
Haemoglobin has
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four individual protein chains each containing a heme
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| 59 |
Regulators of respiration
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Pressure of 02TemperatureBlood pHPressure of CO2Concentration of organic chemicals
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| 60 |
Majority of CO2 is transported
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in the plasma as Carbonic acid
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| 61 |
Carbamino-haemoglobin
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forms when CO2 binds to the haemoglobin the the red blood cell
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| 62 |
What proportion of CO2 binds to haemoglobin
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20-30%
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| 63 |
At the tissues ___ is released and ___ is picked up
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OxygenCO2
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| 64 |
At the lungs ___ is released and ___ is picked up
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CO2Oxygen
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| 65 |
Carbonic anhydrase
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catalyses reaction making/releasing carbonic acid
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| 66 |
What is the main stimulants to make you want to breathe (in order)
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1. CO2 concentration2. pH (H+) ions3. O2 levels
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| 67 |
Elements that control breathing
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hypothalamusMedulla oblongatathe Ponschemoreceptors
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| 68 |
5 basic functions of the GI tract
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IngestionPropulsionDigestionNutrient & water absorptionDefecation
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| 69 |
What enzyme breaks down starch in the saliva
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salivary anylase
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| 70 |
Where does digestion first occur
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in the mouth from saliva
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| 71 |
Wall of GI tract has 4 distinct layers
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1. Mucosa2. sub-mucosa3. muscularis4. serosa
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| 72 |
Mucosa
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innermost layer of GI tract secrets mucus, enzymes, hormones and absorbs nutrients(has its...
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| 73 |
sub-mucosa
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rich supply of blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels and nodes
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| 74 |
Muscularis
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contains inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle
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| 75 |
Serosa
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outermost layer of GI tract made of connective tissue
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| 76 |
Oropharynx
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contains the tonsils and epiglottis
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| 77 |
Oesophagus joins to the stomach at the
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gastro-oesophageal sphincter
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| 78 |
Food in the stomach is converted to a creamy paste called
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chyme
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| 79 |
Large folds in the stomach
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rugae
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| 80 |
Stomach joins the small intestine at the
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pyloric sphincter
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| 81 |
Three gastric glands of the stomache
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Parietal cellsChief cellsEnteroendocrine cells
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| 82 |
Parietal cells
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secrete HCl
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| 83 |
Chief cells
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produce pepsinogen, which in the presence of HCl is converted to active pepsin
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| 84 |
Pepsin
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made from pepsinogen in presence of HCldigests proteins
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| 85 |
Enteroendocrine (G) cells
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secrete gastrin and other hormonesgastrin stimulates parietal cells to make HCl
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| 86 |
Which enzyme stimulates Parietal cells to make HcL
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gastrin
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| 87 |
Which organ is the main site for nutrient absorption
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small intestine
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| 88 |
3 sections of the small intestine
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1. duodenum (first 25cm)2. jejunum (next 2.5m)3. ileum (last 3.6m)
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| 89 |
duodenum
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contains bile duct from liver and pancreatic duct from pancreas
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| 90 |
epithelium of the small intestine is covered in
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villi
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| 91 |
The main site for water absorption is
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large intestine
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| 92 |
Large intestine contains a large number of mucus secreting
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goblet cells
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| 93 |
Bacteria in the large intestine also synthesize
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B vitamins and vitamin K
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| 94 |
Haustra are
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the pocket like sacs of the large intestine
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| 95 |
4 sections of the large intestine
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1. caecum2. colon3, rectum4. anal canal
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| 96 |
Caecum contains
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the appendix
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| 97 |
Colon consists of the
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1. ascending2. transverse3. descending4. Sigmoid
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| 98 |
3 major sets of salivary glands
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Paratoid glands (mumps glands)Sublingual glands (under tongue)Submandibular glands
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| 99 |
Acini
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secretory cells of the pancreas
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| 100 |
Insulin
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lowers blood glucose my enhancing transport into tissue cells
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| 101 |
Glucagon
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increases blood glucose by stimulating release from liver
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| 102 |
Liver produces
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bile
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| 103 |
Bile acts as
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a detergent and fat emulsifier
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| 104 |
Bile is produced by the ___ in the ___
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hepatocytesliver
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| 105 |
Gallbladder is used as a
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storage sac for bile, then releases it into the small intestine
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| 106 |
Livers 3 main functions
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1. Production of bile2. Metabolism of lipids and other nutrients3. Glucose storage
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| 107 |
Diseases of the liver (2)
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HepatitisCirrhosis
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| 108 |
Parts of the Renal system
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Kidneysuretersurinary bladderurethra
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| 109 |
Functions of the Renal system
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maintain water, salt, pH balance of bloodremoves wastesKidneys secretes hormones Kidneys...
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| 110 |
3 regions of the Kidneys
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Outer cortexInner medullaRenal pelvis
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| 111 |
Site of filtration in the kidneys
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Outer cortex
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| 112 |
Site of reabsorption and excretion in the kidneys
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Inner medulla
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| 113 |
6 sections of the nephron
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GlomerulusBowmans capsuleproximal convoluted tubulea loop of Henledistal convoluted tubulecollecting...
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| 114 |
Three major processes of urine formation
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1. Glomerular filtration2. Tubular reabsorption3. Tubular secretion
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| 115 |
descending limb of the ______ is freely permeable to ____ but is relatively impermeable to...
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loop of henlewatersolutes
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| 116 |
ascending limb of the ______ is freely permeable to ____ but is relatively impermeable to ____
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loop of henlesoluteswater
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| 117 |
Two hormones that control water reabsorption
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AldosteroneAnti-diuretic hormone
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| 118 |
Aldosterone ____ Na+ absorption. This regulates ____ absorption as it is coupled with Na+.
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enhancesK potassium
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| 119 |
ADH ___ water reabsorption
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enhances
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| 120 |
What is the main site of tubular secretion
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proximal convoluted tubule
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| 121 |
3 layers of the bladder wall
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1. inner mucosa2. middle smooth muscular layer3. outer, fibrous, connective layer
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| 122 |
Which urethral sphincter is voluntary
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external urethral sphincter
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| 123 |
Gametes have how many chromosomes
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23 = haploid
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| 124 |
Normal tissue cells have how many chromosomes
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46 (23 pairs) diploid
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| 125 |
Meiosis only occurs in the
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gonads (testis and ovaries)
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| 126 |
Purpose of meiosis
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genetic diversity
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| 127 |
Purpose of mitosis
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growth, maintenance and repair
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| 128 |
Mitosis has ___ division(s) consisting of ___
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one nuclearprophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
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| 129 |
Meiosis has ___ division(s) consisting of ___
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two nuclearprophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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| 130 |
Crossing over occurs during what phase
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Prophase I of meiosis
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| 131 |
Number of daughter cells and genetic composition for mitosis
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2 identical diploid daughter cells
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| 132 |
Number of daughter cells and genetic composition for meiosis
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4 non-identical haploid daughter cells
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| 133 |
One chromosome consists of
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two sister chromatids
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| 134 |
The process in which two gametes combine
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fertilization
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| 135 |
The name of the diploid cell formed by fertilization
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zygote
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| 136 |
Each testis contains coiled tubules called
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seminiferous tubules
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| 137 |
Cells that form sperm
|
spermatogenic cells
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| 138 |
Cells which aid in the formation of sperm
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sustentacular cells
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| 139 |
Cells which produce testosterone in the testis
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interstitial cells
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| 140 |
Stages of spermatogenisis
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1. primary spermatocyte enters meiosis2. secondary spermatocytes undergo second meiotic division3....
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| 141 |
The ____ prevents the body from killing the haploid sperm cells as intruders
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blood-testis barrier
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| 142 |
Sperm learn to swim in the
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epididymis
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| 143 |
Matures sperm are stored in the
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vas deferans
|
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| 144 |
The parts of the sperm
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Head - acrosome, nucleusMidpiece - mitrochondriaTail - flagellum
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| 145 |
_____ secrete alkaline fluid in order to ____
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Bulbourethral glandsneutralize urine
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| 146 |
____ secrete ____ as an energy source for sperm
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seminal vesiclesfructose
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| 147 |
Prostate gland secretes PSA which ___ sperm
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activates
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| 148 |
Hormone regulation of the male reproductive system
|
Hypothalamus releases GnRH activating pituitary glandPG releases LH and FSHLH controls testosterone...
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| 149 |
Inhibin in the male reproductive system is produced in the
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Seminiferous tubules
|
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| 150 |
Ovary consists of two areas:
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Outer cortexInner medulla
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| 151 |
Outer cortex of the ovary...
|
holds oocytes in follicles
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|
| 152 |
Inner medulla of the ovary...
|
contains blood vessels and nerves
|
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| 153 |
Final result of oogenisis is...
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one functioning ovum and three non-viable polar bodies
|
|
| 154 |
What produces progesterone
|
corpus luteum
|
|
| 155 |
Order of peaks in hormone production during the menstrual cycle
|
EstradiolLH & FSHProgesterone
|
|
| 156 |
3 main phases of the menstrual cycle
|
follicular phase (menstruation occurs day 1)ovulationluteal phase
|
|
| 157 |
Body temperature ___ during ___ in the menstrual cycle
|
increasesovulation
|
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| 158 |
Hormone regulation of the female reproductive system
|
1. hypothalamus releases GnRH stimulating the Pituitary gland2. GnRH stimulates the release...
|
|
| 159 |
When pregnancy occurs the placenta produces the hormone
|
HCG
|
|
| 160 |
3 stages of human development
|
1. growth2. differentiation3. morphogenisis
|
|
| 161 |
Fertilization takes place where?
|
fallopian tube
|
|
| 162 |
During fertilization digestive enzymes were released by the
|
acrosomal cap of the sperm
|
|
| 163 |
2 blocks to polyspermy
|
Fast block - electric fence (Na)Slow block - castle moat (Ca)
|
|
| 164 |
The lower neck of the uteris
|
cervical canal
|
|
| 165 |
3 layers in gastrulation
|
EctodermMesodermEndoderm
|
|
| 166 |
Ectoderm forms into
|
epidermisnervous systemlining of mouth and anus
|
|
| 167 |
Mesoderm forms into
|
musculo-skeletal systemcirculatory systemdermis of the skinexretory system
|
|
| 168 |
Endoderm forms into
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epithelial linings of digestive tract and airwaysAssociated glands eg. pancreas
|
|
| 169 |
The earliest step in the development of the nervous system
|
neurulation
|
|
| 170 |
____ allow terrestrial animals to reproduce in a watery environment
|
extra-embryonic membranes
|
|
| 171 |
Gestation period of human female
|
280 days (40 weeks)
|
|
| 172 |
Stages of true labor
|
1. dilation2. expulsion3. placental (afterbirth)
|
|
| 173 |
Puerperium
|
time after birth of a child when the mothers body returns to normal
|
|
| 174 |
Russell is a 19 year old student who was diagnosed
with a streptococcal infection after...
|
Post-streptococcal
glomerulonephritis
|
|
| 175 |
Excessive vagal stimulation can be caused by severe
clinical depression. How would increased...
|
|
|
| 176 |
Daniel, a pilot for a
paramedical squad, has recently been stationed to Mexico City for...
|
Acute altitude sickness,
hypobaropathy
Altitude acclimitization.
Eryhtoropoetin...
|
|
| 177 |
Steve
is a 25 year old sales representative for a large industrial company. Over the
past...
|
Testicular cancer
|
|
| 178 |
A very
virulent intestinal virus has triggered repeated vomiting and severe diarrhoea
in...
|
Viral Gastroenteritisa) Most important are K, Na, Clb) Oral rehydration solutions
such...
|
|
| 179 |
Question 1: How
is studying the effects of weightlessness on astronauts helping us to
understand...
|
It may help
find information as to how to reduce symptoms and possibly reverse it.
|
|
| 180 |
Question 2: Why does microgravity affect bone strength?
|
Without
impact, the osteoblasts are not triggered to create bone, therefore the bones
weaken...
|
|
| 181 |
With respect to muscles, what is “disuse atrophy”?
|
When the
muscles are not used and as a result weaken and degrade and conditioned.
|
|
| 182 |
At
what time within the 24hr period, does melatonin secretion peak in humans?
|
Between 2
and 4 am
|
|
| 183 |
Cortisol
is a specific hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex. It is also known as one
of...
|
Peaks
between 6 and 8 am, minimum at midnight
|
|
| 184 |
Question 6: What are the
four common signs/symptoms of space adaptation syndrome?
|
1. Bone/Muscle
deterioration
2. Balance disorders
3. Anemia
4. Immune system
Facial...
|
|
| 185 |
Question 7: One of the more serious adverse effects of weightlessness
is fluid redistribution....
|
Because more fluid is
higher in the body, sensors detect the excess fluid up higher and...
|
|
| 186 |
Question 8: Upon returning to Earth, astronauts are often overwhelmed
by dizziness and...
|
Receptors in
the ear and on the skin are not used to gravity stimulating them for balance.
|
|
| 187 |
Question 9: What happens
to the size of the right and left ventricles of the heart during...
|
Right side going to lungs decreases by 35% and the left side going to the
rest of the...
|
|
| 188 |
Question 10: Why would facial oedema occur in humans during periods of
weightlessness?
|
Fluid
accumulation occurs in the upper body
|
|
| 189 |
Question 1:
What are the physiological causes G-LOC?
|
Lack of blood supplying oxygen and glucose to the brain
|
|
| 190 |
Thrombopoietin TPO
|
produced by liver, stimulates bone marrow to produce platelets
|
|
| 191 |
Plasma is 90%
|
water
|
|
| 192 |
Albumin is the main protein of
|
Plasma
|
|
| 193 |
3 main stages of Hemostasis
|
vascular spasmplatelet plug formationcoagulation
|
|
| 194 |
Autorythmic cells =
|
pacemaker cells
|
|
| 195 |
Autrorythmic cells are located in
|
the sinoatrial node
|
|
| 196 |
From the Sinoatrial node the wave of depolarization goes down to
|
atrioventricular node
|
|
| 197 |
From the atrioventricular node the wave of depolarization goes down to
|
bundle of his (AV bundle)
|
|
| 198 |
From the bundle of His the wave of depolarization goes down to
|
purkinje fibres
|
|
| 199 |
Barrier between the ventricles in the heart
|
inter-ventricular septum
|
|
| 200 |
One example of an inflammatory mediator is
|
histamine
|
|
| 201 |
Chemical attraction to a site of injury is known as
|
chemotaxis
|
|
| 202 |
Ulvula
|
flap which stops food from going up into the back of the nose
|
|
| 203 |
pleurae
|
membranes that form slippery sacs around each lung
|
|
| 204 |
IgG
|
Most abundant antibody (75-85%)
|
|
| 205 |
IgA
|
Found in bodily secretions
|
|
| 206 |
AgE
|
Causes cells to release histamine (in allergies)
|
|
| 207 |
AgD
|
attached to surface of B cells
|
|
| 208 |
IgM
|
first type released in primary response
|
|
| 209 |
What actively secretes antibodies
|
plasma
|
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