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Sociology Exam 1
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Side A ------ Side B antipositivism ------ the view that social researchers should strive for subjectivity as they worked to represent social processes, cultural notrms, and societal values conflict theory ------ a theory that looks at society as a competition for limited recources dynamic equilibium ------ a stable state in which all parts of a healthy society are working together properly dysfunctions ------ social patterns that have undesirable consequences for the operation of society figuration ------ the process of simultaneously analyzing the behavior of an individual and the society that shapes that behavior functionalism ------ a theoretical approach that sees society as a structrue with interrelated parts desigened to meet te biological and social needs of individual that make up that society function ------ the part a recurrent activity plays in the social life as a whole and the contribution it makes to structural continuity grand theories ------ attempts to explain large-scale relationships and anwwer fundamental questions such as why societeis form and why they change latent functions ------ the unrecognized or unintended consequences of a social process macro-level ------ a wide-scale view of the role of social structures within society manifest functions ------ sought sonsequences of a social process micro-level theories ------ the study of specifice relationsihps between individuals or small groups paradigms ------ philosophical and theortical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them positivism ------ the scientific study of social patterns qualitiative sociology ------ in-depth interviews, focus groups, and/or analysis of content sources as the source of its data quantitative sociology ------ statistical methods such as surveys with large numbers of participants social facts ------ the laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashions, rituals, and all of the cultural rule that govern social life social solidarity ------ the social ties the bind a group of people together such as kinship, shared location, religion sociological imagination ------ the ability to understand how your own past relates to that of other people, as well as to history in general and societal strucutres in particular sociology ------ is the systimatic study of society and social interatcion symbolic interactionism ------ a theoretical perspective through which scholars examine the relationship of individuals within their society by studying their communication (language and symbols) theory ------ a proposed explaination about social interactions or society case study ------ in-depth analysis of a single event, situation, or individual code of ethics ------ a set of guidelines that the American Sociological Association has established to foster ethnical research and professionally responsible scholarship in sociology content analysis ------ applying a systematic approach to record and value information gleaned from secondary data as it relates to the study at hand control group ------ an experimental group that is not exposed to the independent variable correlation ------ when a change in one variable coincides with a change in another variable, but oes not necessarily indication caustion dependent variables ------ changed by other variables empirical evidence ------ evidence corrobroated by direct expericence and/or observation ethnography ------ observing a complete social setting and all that it entails experiment ------ the testing of a hypothesis under controlled conditions field research ------ gathering data from a natural environment without doing a lab experiment or survey Hawthorne effect ------ when study subjects behave in a certain manner due to their awarenes of being obsverved by a researcher hypothesis ------ an educated guess with predicted outcome about the relationship between two or more variables independent variables ------ cause changes in dependent variables interpretive framework ------ as socioligical research approach that seeks in-depth understanding of a topic or subject through observation or interaction; the approach is not based on hypothesis testing interview ------ a one-on-one conversation between the researcher and the subject literature review ------ a scholory research step that entails identifying and studying all existing studies on a topic to create a basis for new research nonreactive research ------ using secondary data, does not include direct contact with subjects and will not alter or influcence people's behaviors operational definitions ------ specific explanations of abstract concepts that a researcher plans to study participant observation ------ when a researcher immerses herself in a group or social setting in order to make observations from an "insider" perspective population ------ a defined group serving as the subject of study primary data ------ data that are collected directly from firsthand experience qualitative data ------ comprise information that is subjective and often based on what is seen in a nutural setting quantitative data ------ represent research collected in numerical form that can be counted random sample ------ a study's participants being andomly selected to serve as a represntation of a larger population reliability ------ a measure of a study's consistency that considers how likely results are to be replicated if a study is reproduced research design ------ a detailed, systematic method for conducting research and obtaining data samples ------ small, manageable number of subjects that represent the population scientific method ------ an established scholarly research method that involves asking a question, researching existing sources, forming a hypothesis, designing and conducting a study, and drawing conclusions secondary data analysis ------ using data collected by other but applying new interpretations surveys ------ collect data from subjects who repond to a series of questions about behaviors and opinions, often in the form of a questionnaire validity ------ the degree to which a sociological measure accurately refelcts the topic of study value neutrality ------ a practice of remaining impartial, without bias or judgement during the course of a study and in publishing results cultural imperialism ------ the deliberate imposition of one's own culutal values on another culture cultural relativism ------ the practice of assesing a culture by its own standards, and not in comparison to another culture cultural universals ------ the patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies culture lag ------ the gap of time between the introduction of material culture and nonmaterial culture's acceptance of it culture shock ------ an experience of personal disorientation when confronted with an unfamiliar way of life culture ------ shared beliefs, values, and practices diffusion ------ the spread of material and nonmaterial culture from one culture to another discoveries ------ things and ideas found from what already exists ethnocentrism ------ to evaluate another culture according to the standards of one's own culture folkways ------ direct appropriate behavior in the day-to-day practices and expressons of a culture formal norms ------ established, written rules globalization ------ the intergration of international reade and finance markets high culture ------ the cultural patters of a society's elite ideal culture ------ consists of the standars a society would like to embrace and live up to informal norms ------ casual behaviors that are generally and widely conformed to innovations ------ new objects or ideas introduced to culture for the first time inventions ------ a combinationof pieces of existing reality into new forms language ------ a symbolic system of communication material culture ------ the objects or belongings of a group of people mores ------ the moral views and principles of a group nonmaterial culture ------ the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society norms ------ the visible and invisible rules of conducts through wich societies are structured popular culture ------ mainstream, widespread patterns among a society's population real culture ------ the way a society really is based on what actually occurs and exists Sapir-Whorf hypothesis ------ people understand the world based on their form of language sanctions ------ a way to authorize of formally disapprove of certain behaviors social control ------ a way to encourage confomity to cultural norms society ------ people who live in a definable community and who share a culture subcultures ------ groups that shrare a specific identification, aprart from a society's majority, even as the memebers exist within a larger society symbols ------ gestures of objects that have meanings associated with them that are recognized by people who share a culture values ------ a culture's standard for dicerning what is good and just in society xenocentrism ------ a belief that another culture is superior to one's own achieved status ------ a status a person chooses, such as a level of education or income agricultural societies ------ societies that rely on famring as a way of life alienation ------ an individual's isolation from his society, his work, and his sense of self anomie ------ a situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousnesss ascribed status ------ the status outside of an individual's control, such as sex or race burgeoisie ------ the owners of the means of production in a society class consiousness ------ awareness of one's rank in society collective conscience ------ the communial beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society false consciousness ------ a person's beliefs and ideology are in conflisct with her best intersts feudal societies ------ societies that operate on a strict hierarchial system of power based around land habitualization ------ the idea that society is constructed by us and those before us, and it is followed like a habit horticultural societies ------ societies based around the cultivation of plants hunter-gatherer societies ------ societies that depend on hunting wild animals and gathering uncultivated plants for survival industrial societies ------ societies characterized by a reliance on mechanized labor to create material goods information societies ------ societies based on the production of nonmaterial goods and services institutionalization ------ the act of implanting a convention or norm into society iron cage ------ a situation in whicn an individual is trapped by social institutions looking-glass self ------ our reflection of how we think we appear to others mechanical solidarity ------ a type of social order maintained by the sollective consicousness of a culture organic solidarity ------ a type of social order based around an acceptance of exonomic and social differences pastorial societies ------ societies based around the domestication of animals proletariat ------ the laborers in a society rationalization ------ a belief that modern society should be built around logic and efficientcy rather than morality or tradition role conflict ------ when one or more of an individual's roles clash role performance ------ the expression of a role role strain ------ stress that occurs when too much is required of a single role role-set ------ an array of roles attached to a particular status roles ------ patterns of behavior that are representative of a person's social status self-fulfilling prophecy ------ an idea that becomes true when acted upon social integration ------ how strongly a person is connected to his or her social group status ------ the responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences according to their rand and role in society Thomas theorem ------ how a subjective reality can drive events to develop in accordance with that reality, despite being originally upsupported by objective reality anticipatory socialization ------ when we prepare for future life roles degradation ceremony ------ the process by which new members of a total institution lose aspects of their old identity and are given new ones generalized other ------ the common behavioral expectations of general society hidden curriculum ------ the informal teching done in schools that socalizes children to social norms moral development ------ the way people learn what is "good" and "bad" nature ------ the influence of our genetic makeups on self-development nurture ------ the role that our social environment plays in self-development peer group ------ a group made up of people who are similar in age and social status and who share interests resocialization ------ the process by which old behaviors are removed and nre behaviors are learned in their place self ------ a person's distinct sense of identity as developted through social interaction socializaion ------ the process wherein people come to understand societal norms and expectation, to accept society'sbeliefs, and to be aware of societal values
Side A ------ Side B antipositivism ------ the view that social researchers should strive for subjectivity as they worked to represent social processes, cultural notrms, and societal values conflict theory ------ a theory that looks at society as a competition for limited recources dynamic equilibium ------ a stable state in which all parts of a healthy society are working together properly dysfunctions ------ social patterns that have undesirable consequences for the operation of society figuration ------ the process of simultaneously analyzing the behavior of an individual and the society that shapes that behavior functionalism ------ a theoretical approach that sees society as a structrue with interrelated parts desigened to meet te biological and social needs of individual that make up that society function ------ the part a recurrent activity plays in the social life as a whole and the contribution it makes to structural continuity grand theories ------ attempts to explain large-scale relationships and anwwer fundamental questions such as why societeis form and why they change latent functions ------ the unrecognized or unintended consequences of a social process macro-level ------ a wide-scale view of the role of social structures within society manifest functions ------ sought sonsequences of a social process micro-level theories ------ the study of specifice relationsihps between individuals or small groups paradigms ------ philosophical and theortical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them positivism ------ the scientific study of social patterns qualitiative sociology ------ in-depth interviews, focus groups, and/or analysis of content sources as the source of its data quantitative sociology ------ statistical methods such as surveys with large numbers of participants social facts ------ the laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashions, rituals, and all of the cultural rule that govern social life social solidarity ------ the social ties the bind a group of people together such as kinship, shared location, religion sociological imagination ------ the ability to understand how your own past relates to that of other people, as well as to history in general and societal strucutres in particular sociology ------ is the systimatic study of society and social interatcion symbolic interactionism ------ a theoretical perspective through which scholars examine the relationship of individuals within their society by studying their communication (language and symbols) theory ------ a proposed explaination about social interactions or society case study ------ in-depth analysis of a single event, situation, or individual code of ethics ------ a set of guidelines that the American Sociological Association has established to foster ethnical research and professionally responsible scholarship in sociology content analysis ------ applying a systematic approach to record and value information gleaned from secondary data as it relates to the study at hand control group ------ an experimental group that is not exposed to the independent variable correlation ------ when a change in one variable coincides with a change in another variable, but oes not necessarily indication caustion dependent variables ------ changed by other variables empirical evidence ------ evidence corrobroated by direct expericence and/or observation ethnography ------ observing a complete social setting and all that it entails experiment ------ the testing of a hypothesis under controlled conditions field research ------ gathering data from a natural environment without doing a lab experiment or survey Hawthorne effect ------ when study subjects behave in a certain manner due to their awarenes of being obsverved by a researcher hypothesis ------ an educated guess with predicted outcome about the relationship between two or more variables independent variables ------ cause changes in dependent variables interpretive framework ------ as socioligical research approach that seeks in-depth understanding of a topic or subject through observation or interaction; the approach is not based on hypothesis testing interview ------ a one-on-one conversation between the researcher and the subject literature review ------ a scholory research step that entails identifying and studying all existing studies on a topic to create a basis for new research nonreactive research ------ using secondary data, does not include direct contact with subjects and will not alter or influcence people's behaviors operational definitions ------ specific explanations of abstract concepts that a researcher plans to study participant observation ------ when a researcher immerses herself in a group or social setting in order to make observations from an "insider" perspective population ------ a defined group serving as the subject of study primary data ------ data that are collected directly from firsthand experience qualitative data ------ comprise information that is subjective and often based on what is seen in a nutural setting quantitative data ------ represent research collected in numerical form that can be counted random sample ------ a study's participants being andomly selected to serve as a represntation of a larger population reliability ------ a measure of a study's consistency that considers how likely results are to be replicated if a study is reproduced research design ------ a detailed, systematic method for conducting research and obtaining data samples ------ small, manageable number of subjects that represent the population scientific method ------ an established scholarly research method that involves asking a question, researching existing sources, forming a hypothesis, designing and conducting a study, and drawing conclusions secondary data analysis ------ using data collected by other but applying new interpretations surveys ------ collect data from subjects who repond to a series of questions about behaviors and opinions, often in the form of a questionnaire validity ------ the degree to which a sociological measure accurately refelcts the topic of study value neutrality ------ a practice of remaining impartial, without bias or judgement during the course of a study and in publishing results cultural imperialism ------ the deliberate imposition of one's own culutal values on another culture cultural relativism ------ the practice of assesing a culture by its own standards, and not in comparison to another culture cultural universals ------ the patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies culture lag ------ the gap of time between the introduction of material culture and nonmaterial culture's acceptance of it culture shock ------ an experience of personal disorientation when confronted with an unfamiliar way of life culture ------ shared beliefs, values, and practices diffusion ------ the spread of material and nonmaterial culture from one culture to another discoveries ------ things and ideas found from what already exists ethnocentrism ------ to evaluate another culture according to the standards of one's own culture folkways ------ direct appropriate behavior in the day-to-day practices and expressons of a culture formal norms ------ established, written rules globalization ------ the intergration of international reade and finance markets high culture ------ the cultural patters of a society's elite ideal culture ------ consists of the standars a society would like to embrace and live up to informal norms ------ casual behaviors that are generally and widely conformed to innovations ------ new objects or ideas introduced to culture for the first time inventions ------ a combinationof pieces of existing reality into new forms language ------ a symbolic system of communication material culture ------ the objects or belongings of a group of people mores ------ the moral views and principles of a group nonmaterial culture ------ the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society norms ------ the visible and invisible rules of conducts through wich societies are structured popular culture ------ mainstream, widespread patterns among a society's population real culture ------ the way a society really is based on what actually occurs and exists Sapir-Whorf hypothesis ------ people understand the world based on their form of language sanctions ------ a way to authorize of formally disapprove of certain behaviors social control ------ a way to encourage confomity to cultural norms society ------ people who live in a definable community and who share a culture subcultures ------ groups that shrare a specific identification, aprart from a society's majority, even as the memebers exist within a larger society symbols ------ gestures of objects that have meanings associated with them that are recognized by people who share a culture values ------ a culture's standard for dicerning what is good and just in society xenocentrism ------ a belief that another culture is superior to one's own achieved status ------ a status a person chooses, such as a level of education or income agricultural societies ------ societies that rely on famring as a way of life alienation ------ an individual's isolation from his society, his work, and his sense of self anomie ------ a situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousnesss ascribed status ------ the status outside of an individual's control, such as sex or race burgeoisie ------ the owners of the means of production in a society class consiousness ------ awareness of one's rank in society collective conscience ------ the communial beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society false consciousness ------ a person's beliefs and ideology are in conflisct with her best intersts feudal societies ------ societies that operate on a strict hierarchial system of power based around land habitualization ------ the idea that society is constructed by us and those before us, and it is followed like a habit horticultural societies ------ societies based around the cultivation of plants hunter-gatherer societies ------ societies that depend on hunting wild animals and gathering uncultivated plants for survival industrial societies ------ societies characterized by a reliance on mechanized labor to create material goods information societies ------ societies based on the production of nonmaterial goods and services institutionalization ------ the act of implanting a convention or norm into society iron cage ------ a situation in whicn an individual is trapped by social institutions looking-glass self ------ our reflection of how we think we appear to others mechanical solidarity ------ a type of social order maintained by the sollective consicousness of a culture organic solidarity ------ a type of social order based around an acceptance of exonomic and social differences pastorial societies ------ societies based around the domestication of animals proletariat ------ the laborers in a society rationalization ------ a belief that modern society should be built around logic and efficientcy rather than morality or tradition role conflict ------ when one or more of an individual's roles clash role performance ------ the expression of a role role strain ------ stress that occurs when too much is required of a single role role-set ------ an array of roles attached to a particular status roles ------ patterns of behavior that are representative of a person's social status self-fulfilling prophecy ------ an idea that becomes true when acted upon social integration ------ how strongly a person is connected to his or her social group status ------ the responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences according to their rand and role in society Thomas theorem ------ how a subjective reality can drive events to develop in accordance with that reality, despite being originally upsupported by objective reality anticipatory socialization ------ when we prepare for future life roles degradation ceremony ------ the process by which new members of a total institution lose aspects of their old identity and are given new ones generalized other ------ the common behavioral expectations of general society hidden curriculum ------ the informal teching done in schools that socalizes children to social norms moral development ------ the way people learn what is "good" and "bad" nature ------ the influence of our genetic makeups on self-development nurture ------ the role that our social environment plays in self-development peer group ------ a group made up of people who are similar in age and social status and who share interests resocialization ------ the process by which old behaviors are removed and nre behaviors are learned in their place self ------ a person's distinct sense of identity as developted through social interaction socializaion ------ the process wherein people come to understand societal norms and expectation, to accept society'sbeliefs, and to be aware of societal values
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