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Side A ------ Side B
What are 5 key sources of information when forming impressions of others? ------ 1. Physical Appearance2. Verbal Behavoiur3. Actions4. Nonverbal Messages5. Situations
Differentiate between snap judgement and systematic judgements. ------ Snap: made quickly based on little information and preconceived notionsSystematic: observe person in many different situations and compare their behaviour to others'; occurs when forming impressions of those who can affect your happiness and welfare
When are people most likely to make attributions? (3) ------ 1. when people behave in unexpected or negative ways2. when events are personally relevant3. when they are suspicious about someone's motives
What is confirming bias? ------ - tendency to seek information that confirm one's beliefs and not pursuing disconfirming information- occurs because people selectively recall facts about others (casual interactions:courtrooms, interviews etc)-normally unconscious until someone disagrees with perceiver
Describe the self fulfilling prophecy of perceiver expectations ------ 1. initial impression2. perceiver behaves towards target person in line with their expectations3. target person adjusts their behaviour to match the perceiver's actions4. confirms initial expectations
Name 4 cognitive distortions and when are they most likely to occur? ------ 1. Stereotypes2. social categorization3. Fundamental attribution error4. Defensive attribution- they are most likely to occur when the perceiver is in a hurry, distracted or not motivated to pay careful attention
What is social categorization? ------ - a cognitive distortion when making impressions of others- perceiver establishes "ingroup" and "outgroup"- homogeneity effect (outgroup behaviour is attributed to all members, while an ingroup member's behaviour is attributed to individual dispositions)
Describe the fundamental attribution error. ------ - aka correspondence bias- attributes behaviour to individual factors rather than situational factors- making an inference is a two step process(1) automatic internal attributions to person(2) weigh impact of situation to behaviour; failure to do so leads to FAE
What is defensive attribution? ------ - tendency to blame victims for their misfortune- maintain belief of just world- self-protective, irrational strategy; allows people to feel in control
What are 3 key themes in person perception? ------ 1. Efficiency: exert no more cognitive effort than required2. Selectivity: see what they want to see3. Consistency: initial info carries more weight than subsequent info; find comfort in consistency
"Old fashioned" vs. "Modern" racism ------ - modern racism is when you harbour racists attitudes but only expressed when jusitified or feel safe to do so- modern racists feel that minority groups should not push too fast for advancement or special treatment from government
What are 2 causes of prejudice? ------ 1. Authoritarianism- prejudice towards any group perceived as different- RWAs and SDOs- conventionalism2. Cognitive Distortions and Expectations- expectations foster and maintain prejudice- competition between groups- threats to social identity
What are 2 strategies to reduce prejudice? ------ 1. Cognitive - requires shift from automatic processing to controlled (mindless to mindful)2. Intergroup contact- super ordinate goals (must be successful)- must have equal status contact
What are the 2 factors of the persuasion process? ------ 1. source factors- must be credible, trustworthy and likeable2. receiver factors- can depend on mood- forewarning can make it difficult to persuade- difficult to persuade when beleifs are conflicting
What is the elaboration likelihood model? ------ - thoughts about a persuasive message (rather than the message itself) will determine if an attitude change will occur
What are two routes of persuasion? ------ 1. Central route- involves careful processing-they must be motivated, find the issue personally relevant, and be able to understand the message- persuasion is more durable2. Peripheral route- persuasion based on non message factors- minimal processing; persuasion is less durable
What are the factors influencing comformity? ------ - group size and group unanimity -normative influence: conform to social norms due to fear of negative social consequences- informational influence: look to others on how to behave in ambiguous situations
What is the consistency principle? ------ - people tend to stick to their initial commitment- foot in door technique: have person agree to a small initial request to increase the chance that they will agree to a larger request later- low ball technique: person agrees with attractive offer before hidden costs are revealed
What is the reciprocity principle? ------ - pay back what others give to you; even if gift is uninvited- door in face technique: making a large request that will likely be turned down so that the person will agree to a smaller request later; time must be placed between requests- eg free samples
What is reactance? ------ - part of the scarcity principle- when someone's choice of products is constrained in some way; makes them want what they can't have even more

Side A ------ Side B
What are 5 key sources of information when forming impressions of others? ------ 1. Physical Appearance2. Verbal Behavoiur3. Actions4. Nonverbal Messages5. Situations
Differentiate between snap judgement and systematic judgements. ------ Snap: made quickly based on little information and preconceived notionsSystematic: observe person in many different situations and compare their behaviour to others'; occurs when forming impressions of those who can affect your happiness and welfare
When are people most likely to make attributions? (3) ------ 1. when people behave in unexpected or negative ways2. when events are personally relevant3. when they are suspicious about someone's motives
What is confirming bias? ------ - tendency to seek information that confirm one's beliefs and not pursuing disconfirming information- occurs because people selectively recall facts about others (casual interactions:courtrooms, interviews etc)-normally unconscious until someone disagrees with perceiver
Describe the self fulfilling prophecy of perceiver expectations ------ 1. initial impression2. perceiver behaves towards target person in line with their expectations3. target person adjusts their behaviour to match the perceiver's actions4. confirms initial expectations
Name 4 cognitive distortions and when are they most likely to occur? ------ 1. Stereotypes2. social categorization3. Fundamental attribution error4. Defensive attribution- they are most likely to occur when the perceiver is in a hurry, distracted or not motivated to pay careful attention
What is social categorization? ------ - a cognitive distortion when making impressions of others- perceiver establishes "ingroup" and "outgroup"- homogeneity effect (outgroup behaviour is attributed to all members, while an ingroup member's behaviour is attributed to individual dispositions)
Describe the fundamental attribution error. ------ - aka correspondence bias- attributes behaviour to individual factors rather than situational factors- making an inference is a two step process(1) automatic internal attributions to person(2) weigh impact of situation to behaviour; failure to do so leads to FAE
What is defensive attribution? ------ - tendency to blame victims for their misfortune- maintain belief of just world- self-protective, irrational strategy; allows people to feel in control
What are 3 key themes in person perception? ------ 1. Efficiency: exert no more cognitive effort than required2. Selectivity: see what they want to see3. Consistency: initial info carries more weight than subsequent info; find comfort in consistency
"Old fashioned" vs. "Modern" racism ------ - modern racism is when you harbour racists attitudes but only expressed when jusitified or feel safe to do so- modern racists feel that minority groups should not push too fast for advancement or special treatment from government
What are 2 causes of prejudice? ------ 1. Authoritarianism- prejudice towards any group perceived as different- RWAs and SDOs- conventionalism2. Cognitive Distortions and Expectations- expectations foster and maintain prejudice- competition between groups- threats to social identity
What are 2 strategies to reduce prejudice? ------ 1. Cognitive - requires shift from automatic processing to controlled (mindless to mindful)2. Intergroup contact- super ordinate goals (must be successful)- must have equal status contact
What are the 2 factors of the persuasion process? ------ 1. source factors- must be credible, trustworthy and likeable2. receiver factors- can depend on mood- forewarning can make it difficult to persuade- difficult to persuade when beleifs are conflicting
What is the elaboration likelihood model? ------ - thoughts about a persuasive message (rather than the message itself) will determine if an attitude change will occur
What are two routes of persuasion? ------ 1. Central route- involves careful processing-they must be motivated, find the issue personally relevant, and be able to understand the message- persuasion is more durable2. Peripheral route- persuasion based on non message factors- minimal processing; persuasion is less durable
What are the factors influencing comformity? ------ - group size and group unanimity -normative influence: conform to social norms due to fear of negative social consequences- informational influence: look to others on how to behave in ambiguous situations
What is the consistency principle? ------ - people tend to stick to their initial commitment- foot in door technique: have person agree to a small initial request to increase the chance that they will agree to a larger request later- low ball technique: person agrees with attractive offer before hidden costs are revealed
What is the reciprocity principle? ------ - pay back what others give to you; even if gift is uninvited- door in face technique: making a large request that will likely be turned down so that the person will agree to a smaller request later; time must be placed between requests- eg free samples
What is reactance? ------ - part of the scarcity principle- when someone's choice of products is constrained in some way; makes them want what they can't have even more