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Side A ------ Side B
the thinnest layer of earth's structure ------ crust
the largest layer of the earth in thickness, mass, and volume is the ------ mantle 
the layer of the earth that has a plastic-like nature ------ asthenosphere
thinnest type of crust ------ oceanic crust
type of crust with the greatest density ------ oceanic crust
what evidence is used to determine the structure of the earth ------ seismic
the layer of the core that is composed of liquid metal, covects rapidly and is responsible for the earth's magnetic field ------ outer core
the earth's internal temperature is primarily due to ------ radioactivity
name the scientist that developed continental drift theory ------ alfred wegener
the name given to the supercontinent that existed 200 mya ------ pangea
what evidene did alfred weener give to support continental drift theory ------ same fossils in different parts of the world
the theory thatdescribes the reason that the  continents move and explains most bolcanic and earthquake activity ------ plate tetonics
mid ocean ridges occur at what boundries ------ divergent
new ocean crust is created at  ------ midocean ridges
the ocean crust is no older than ------ 200 million years old
where do volcanoes  and mountains form when oceanic and continental crust meet  ------  ocean trenches
what is formed at a continental continental crust boundary ------ mountains
the process of one crustal plate dividing beneath andother is called ------ subduction
name of the deepest ocean trench ------ mariland
the main reason for tectoncic plate movement ------ convection currents in the mantle
the crist and part of theupper mantle form the ------ lithosphere
magma generates for the _____ of the mantle ------ asthenosphere
the lithoshpere floats on the ______ of the mantle ------ asthenosphere
the uppper mantle is believed to be  ------ 700 km deep
the valley that forms at a mid ocean ridge is called a  ------ rift valley
alternating magnetic polarity is evidence of  ------ sea floor spreading
 how often do earth magnetic field reversals occur on average ------ 200 thousand years
magma risest through the crust becuase it is less ____  than the surronding material ------ dense
oceanic crust subducts beneath continental crust because it is ____ lthan continental crust ------ less dense
what are the three types of tectonic plate boundaries ------ convergent transform fault divergent
island arcs are produces when two _____ plates converge ------ oceanic
the region around the pacific ocean where most volcanoes exist is know as the ------ ring of fire
magma that is emplaced and cools inside surronding rock is called ------ igneous intrusion
the hawaiin islands werer formed above regions of the mantle  called  ------ hot spot
areas in the mantle called ______ causes hot spots ------ mantle plumes
igneous rock that cools rapidly on the earths surface is called ____ igneous rock ------ extrusive
igneous rock that cools slowly beneath earths surface is called ___ igneous rock ------ intrusive
igneous intrusion that may be hundreds of kilometers long and wide  ------ batholith
magma that cuts across rock strata is called ------ dike
lava that cools on the surface produces rock with ___ crystals and magma that cools beneat the surface forms rock with ____ crystals ------ small, large
an igneous intrusion that cuts horizontally between rock layers is called a ------ sill
all oceanic crust is ____ in origin ------ volcanoes
the voyager space probe dscovered and active volcano on jupiters moon ------ io
a volcano that is composed of alternating layers of both lava and tephra ------ composite volcanoes
the largest volcano in the solar system is ___ found on the planet ------ olympus mons, mars
molton rock beneath the earths surface is called ------ magma
molton rock on the earth's surface is called ------ lava
shield volcanoes produce ___ lave that has lov viscosity ( very fluid) ------ basaltic
volcanoes that develop near convergent plate boundaries are usually_____ volcanoes and erupt more explosively than those near divergent plates and hot spots ------ composite
volcanoes occur in the middle of tectonic plate because of  ------ hot spots
andesitic lavas that compose composite vlocanoes cause explosive eruptions because the lava has a high ___ content, increasing the lavas viscosity ------ silicon
thick, viscous lava will not release the __ pressure until pressures reach explosive proprtions ------ gas
 what is a volcanic rock that is so porous that it will float  on water ------  pumus
what is volcanic glass ------ obsidian
what is made up entirely of fragments called cinders and are small in comparison to composite and shelds volcanoes ------ cinder cone
volcanic as is produced by ____ volcanoes because it is more powerful than a cinder cone volcano explosion ------ composite
underwater volcanoes are called ------ sea mountains
volcanoes occur in the middle of a tectonic plate because of ------ hot-spots
the exact location beneath the surface where and earthquake occurs ------ focus
the location on the earth's surface where and earthquake originates ------ epicenter
the most destructive wave of an earthquake  ------ surface waves or s-waves
 the fastest wave of an earthquake  ------ p- wave
the wave of an earthquake that is a transverse wave  ------ secondary wave
what insturment is used to measure earthquake activity ------ seismograph
number of seismic stations needed to determine the epicenter of an earthquake ------ 3
 type of seismic wave that cannot pass through liquid ------ s-wave
fault in which the upper block is moving up and over the lower block ------ reverse fault
the most widely accepted reason for plate movement  ------ convection currents in the mantle
the greatest depth that earthquakes have been detected  ------ 700 km
region of the earth that does not recieve eithe p-waves or s-waves during an earthquake  ------ shadow zone
in order to determine the distance to the epicenter of a an earthquake there must be a ___ between the arrival of p and s waves at a seismic stations ------ lag time
the richter scale is a logarithimic scale that indicates the ___ of an earthquake ------ magnitude
the scale used to determine the magnitude of an earthquake  ------ richter scale
a magnitude 5 earthquake is __ times greater in magnitude than a magnitude 4 and ___ times greater than a magnitude 2 ------ 10, 1,000
the energy of an earthquake incrases by a factor of __ for each magnitude increase on the tichter scale ------ 32 
a 7 on the richter scale is ____ times greater in evergy than a magnitude of 5 ------ 32 squared 1024
a type of seismic wave that is a longitudianal wave ------ p-wave
the continents are composed of light ____ rock and the oceans are composed of dense ___ rock ------ grimidick, basaltick
the san andreas fault is this type of tectonic plate boundary ------ transform boundary
plate boundaries that slide past one another are called ___ boundaries ------ transform
the edge of a continent is called the continental  ------ shelf
the region between a contintnetal rise and the beginning of the mid- ocean ridge is called the ____ and is the flattest region on earth ------ abyssal plane
 the chemical that is used by bacteria as a sorce of energy at deep sea vents  ------ hydrogen sulfide gas
an absolute rock dating method ------ radio metric dating
 a realative rock dating method ------ law of superposition
the principle blah blah ------ law of superpostion
the age of the earth is believed to be ------ 4.5 billion years old 
life first appeard on earth about  ------ 3.5-4 billion years
the age of the universe is belieeved to be  ------ 13,7 billion years old
the diversity of life on earth significantly increased about _____ ago in an event called the cambrain explosion ------ 540 million years
a mass extinction occurred____ yars ago that caused the extinctionn of dinosaurs and mumber, diversity and size of mamals ------ 65 mill 
this extintion of the dinosaur occureed at the end of the  ------ cretaceous period 
dinosaurs had the greatest numbers and diversity during the ____period of the mesozoic era ------ jurrasic
the ____ record is instrumental in helping geologists to understand earth's geologic past ------  fossill
the name given to the layer of earth that represents the end of the dinosaur  ------ k-t boundary
which cycle ofthe rock cycle does not take place  ------ sedimentary to igneous
fossils are formed only in ___ rock ------ sedimentary
name of the fisrt supercontinent that saused the "snowball earth"  ------ thodinia
the largest mass extinction cocured at the end of the  ------ permian paleozoic
the last ice age occured  ------ 10,000 years ago
the ice ages caused by a disruption of the ------ currents
the time period one - celled organisms dominated the panet ------ pre-cambrian

Side A ------ Side B
the thinnest layer of earth's structure ------ crust
the largest layer of the earth in thickness, mass, and volume is the ------ mantle 
the layer of the earth that has a plastic-like nature ------ asthenosphere
thinnest type of crust ------ oceanic crust
type of crust with the greatest density ------ oceanic crust
what evidence is used to determine the structure of the earth ------ seismic
the layer of the core that is composed of liquid metal, covects rapidly and is responsible for the earth's magnetic field ------ outer core
the earth's internal temperature is primarily due to ------ radioactivity
name the scientist that developed continental drift theory ------ alfred wegener
the name given to the supercontinent that existed 200 mya ------ pangea
what evidene did alfred weener give to support continental drift theory ------ same fossils in different parts of the world
the theory thatdescribes the reason that the  continents move and explains most bolcanic and earthquake activity ------ plate tetonics
mid ocean ridges occur at what boundries ------ divergent
new ocean crust is created at  ------ midocean ridges
the ocean crust is no older than ------ 200 million years old
where do volcanoes  and mountains form when oceanic and continental crust meet  ------  ocean trenches
what is formed at a continental continental crust boundary ------ mountains
the process of one crustal plate dividing beneath andother is called ------ subduction
name of the deepest ocean trench ------ mariland
the main reason for tectoncic plate movement ------ convection currents in the mantle
the crist and part of theupper mantle form the ------ lithosphere
magma generates for the _____ of the mantle ------ asthenosphere
the lithoshpere floats on the ______ of the mantle ------ asthenosphere
the uppper mantle is believed to be  ------ 700 km deep
the valley that forms at a mid ocean ridge is called a  ------ rift valley
alternating magnetic polarity is evidence of  ------ sea floor spreading
 how often do earth magnetic field reversals occur on average ------ 200 thousand years
magma risest through the crust becuase it is less ____  than the surronding material ------ dense
oceanic crust subducts beneath continental crust because it is ____ lthan continental crust ------ less dense
what are the three types of tectonic plate boundaries ------ convergent transform fault divergent
island arcs are produces when two _____ plates converge ------ oceanic
the region around the pacific ocean where most volcanoes exist is know as the ------ ring of fire
magma that is emplaced and cools inside surronding rock is called ------ igneous intrusion
the hawaiin islands werer formed above regions of the mantle  called  ------ hot spot
areas in the mantle called ______ causes hot spots ------ mantle plumes
igneous rock that cools rapidly on the earths surface is called ____ igneous rock ------ extrusive
igneous rock that cools slowly beneath earths surface is called ___ igneous rock ------ intrusive
igneous intrusion that may be hundreds of kilometers long and wide  ------ batholith
magma that cuts across rock strata is called ------ dike
lava that cools on the surface produces rock with ___ crystals and magma that cools beneat the surface forms rock with ____ crystals ------ small, large
an igneous intrusion that cuts horizontally between rock layers is called a ------ sill
all oceanic crust is ____ in origin ------ volcanoes
the voyager space probe dscovered and active volcano on jupiters moon ------ io
a volcano that is composed of alternating layers of both lava and tephra ------ composite volcanoes
the largest volcano in the solar system is ___ found on the planet ------ olympus mons, mars
molton rock beneath the earths surface is called ------ magma
molton rock on the earth's surface is called ------ lava
shield volcanoes produce ___ lave that has lov viscosity ( very fluid) ------ basaltic
volcanoes that develop near convergent plate boundaries are usually_____ volcanoes and erupt more explosively than those near divergent plates and hot spots ------ composite
volcanoes occur in the middle of tectonic plate because of  ------ hot spots
andesitic lavas that compose composite vlocanoes cause explosive eruptions because the lava has a high ___ content, increasing the lavas viscosity ------ silicon
thick, viscous lava will not release the __ pressure until pressures reach explosive proprtions ------ gas
 what is a volcanic rock that is so porous that it will float  on water ------  pumus
what is volcanic glass ------ obsidian
what is made up entirely of fragments called cinders and are small in comparison to composite and shelds volcanoes ------ cinder cone
volcanic as is produced by ____ volcanoes because it is more powerful than a cinder cone volcano explosion ------ composite
underwater volcanoes are called ------ sea mountains
volcanoes occur in the middle of a tectonic plate because of ------ hot-spots
the exact location beneath the surface where and earthquake occurs ------ focus
the location on the earth's surface where and earthquake originates ------ epicenter
the most destructive wave of an earthquake  ------ surface waves or s-waves
 the fastest wave of an earthquake  ------ p- wave
the wave of an earthquake that is a transverse wave  ------ secondary wave
what insturment is used to measure earthquake activity ------ seismograph
number of seismic stations needed to determine the epicenter of an earthquake ------ 3
 type of seismic wave that cannot pass through liquid ------ s-wave
fault in which the upper block is moving up and over the lower block ------ reverse fault
the most widely accepted reason for plate movement  ------ convection currents in the mantle
the greatest depth that earthquakes have been detected  ------ 700 km
region of the earth that does not recieve eithe p-waves or s-waves during an earthquake  ------ shadow zone
in order to determine the distance to the epicenter of a an earthquake there must be a ___ between the arrival of p and s waves at a seismic stations ------ lag time
the richter scale is a logarithimic scale that indicates the ___ of an earthquake ------ magnitude
the scale used to determine the magnitude of an earthquake  ------ richter scale
a magnitude 5 earthquake is __ times greater in magnitude than a magnitude 4 and ___ times greater than a magnitude 2 ------ 10, 1,000
the energy of an earthquake incrases by a factor of __ for each magnitude increase on the tichter scale ------ 32 
a 7 on the richter scale is ____ times greater in evergy than a magnitude of 5 ------ 32 squared 1024
a type of seismic wave that is a longitudianal wave ------ p-wave
the continents are composed of light ____ rock and the oceans are composed of dense ___ rock ------ grimidick, basaltick
the san andreas fault is this type of tectonic plate boundary ------ transform boundary
plate boundaries that slide past one another are called ___ boundaries ------ transform
the edge of a continent is called the continental  ------ shelf
the region between a contintnetal rise and the beginning of the mid- ocean ridge is called the ____ and is the flattest region on earth ------ abyssal plane
 the chemical that is used by bacteria as a sorce of energy at deep sea vents  ------ hydrogen sulfide gas
an absolute rock dating method ------ radio metric dating
 a realative rock dating method ------ law of superposition
the principle blah blah ------ law of superpostion
the age of the earth is believed to be ------ 4.5 billion years old 
life first appeard on earth about  ------ 3.5-4 billion years
the age of the universe is belieeved to be  ------ 13,7 billion years old
the diversity of life on earth significantly increased about _____ ago in an event called the cambrain explosion ------ 540 million years
a mass extinction occurred____ yars ago that caused the extinctionn of dinosaurs and mumber, diversity and size of mamals ------ 65 mill 
this extintion of the dinosaur occureed at the end of the  ------ cretaceous period 
dinosaurs had the greatest numbers and diversity during the ____period of the mesozoic era ------ jurrasic
the ____ record is instrumental in helping geologists to understand earth's geologic past ------  fossill
the name given to the layer of earth that represents the end of the dinosaur  ------ k-t boundary
which cycle ofthe rock cycle does not take place  ------ sedimentary to igneous
fossils are formed only in ___ rock ------ sedimentary
name of the fisrt supercontinent that saused the "snowball earth"  ------ thodinia
the largest mass extinction cocured at the end of the  ------ permian paleozoic
the last ice age occured  ------ 10,000 years ago
the ice ages caused by a disruption of the ------ currents
the time period one - celled organisms dominated the panet ------ pre-cambrian