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Side A ------ Side B Nervous System ------ Without it, you couldn't exist! Made up of your brain, your spinal cord, and a network of nerves. Your brain uses information it receives from your nerves to coordinate all of your actions and reactions. Neuron ------ A specialized, impulse-conducting cell. CENTER OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEMConsists of the cell body, axon, and dendrites. Cell Body ------ Generates energy needed to carry out the work. Dendrites ------ Root like structures, attached to the cell body of neuron, that receive impulses form other neurons. Axon ------ A long, thin part of a neuron that transmits impulses to other neurons from terminal buttons. What is a neuron's job? ------ Carry messages in ONE DIRECTION from dendrites/cell body, through axon, to axon terminals.Then transmits messages from terminal buttons to other neurons, muscles, or glands Glial Cells ------ Remove dead neurons & waste from the nervous system, nourish neurons, and direct their growth. Myelin ------ A fatty substance that decreases leakage of electrical current being carried along the axon, allowing messages to conduct regularly. Afferent Neurons ------ (Sensory Neurons)Receive & transmit messages from sensory receptors to the spinal cord and brain.Ex: The feeling you get in your foot after someone steps on it. Efferent Neurons ------ (Motor Neurons)Transmit messages from the brain or spinal cord to muscles and glands.Ex: Hopping around after someone steps on your foot. Luigi Galvani ------ Discovered that neural impulses are electrochemical.*Connected lightning rods to dissected frogs. When lightning struct their muscles contracted. Neural Impulses ------ Electrochemical messages that travel within neurons at somewhere between 2 and 225 mph.(neurons & body fluid contain ions in resting state)Chemical changes happen within neurons which cause them to be transmitted. Polarize/Resting Potential ------ An unequal distribution of ions (atoms with a positive or negative charge) on the two sides of the nerve cell membrane. Expressed as -70 mV, and the minus means that the inside is negative relative to (or compared to) the outside.It occurs when a membrane is not being stimulated or conducting impulses. Peripheral part of the nervous system ------ Everything except the brain & spinal cord Depolarize ------ To reduce the resting potential of a cell membrane from about 70 millivolts to -----> 0. positive chargePermeability of the cell membrane changes again, allowing no more sodium ions to enter. Action Potential ------ Very rapid change in membrane potential that occurs when a nerve cell membrane is stimulated. Potential goes from the resting potential (typically -70 mV) to some positive value (typically about +30 mV) in a very short period of time.Next section of the cell becomes permeable, positive ions are being pumped out, continuing the cycle.A L L O R N O N E How messages travel from neuron to neuron ------ A neuron fired neurotransmitters out of an axon.Incoming messages combine to reach a certain threshold. All-or-none principle ------ Action potentials occur maximally or not at all. Refractory Period ------ A phase following firing during.A neuron is less sensitive to messages from other neurons and will not fire. Synapse ------ Flows info from one neuron to another.When a nerve impuls reaches a synapse, axon terminals release chemical into the synaptic cleft. Synaptic Vesicles ------ Sacs in axon terminals, which contain neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters ------ Chemical substances involved in the transmission of neural impulses from one neuron to another.Work only at matching sites. -Exite: cause others to fire -Inhibit: prevent others to fireExcess or Deficiencies lead to depression & schizophrenia Receptor Site ------ A location on a dendrite of a receiving neuron tailored to receive a neurotransmitter. Parts of the nervous system ------ Brain, spinal cord, and nerves linking them to sensory organ, muscles, and glands. Central part of the nervous system ------ The brain & spinal cord Somatic Nervous System ------ Transmits messages about sight, sound, ect.Afferent (Sensory) & Efferent (Motor) Automatic Nervous System ------ Regulate glands & muscles of internal organs. -Sympathetic: prepares body for emergency -Parasympathetic: becomes active during relaxation. Spinal Cord ------ A long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the brain Spinal Reflex ------ A simple, unlearned response to a stimulus that may involve only 2 neurons (sensory & motor neuron) Gray Matter ------ Nonmyelinated neurons. Grayish neurons and neural segments that are involved in spinal reflex/or send axons to brain. White Matter ------ Longer myelinated axons that carry messages to and from the brain. Episonic Memory ------ remember what, where, and when you at dinner? Amygdala ------ Fear, emotion, and anxiety. Discovered by DelgadoTriggers stereotypical aggressive responses. Down Syndrome results from ------ when you have an extra chromosome on the 21st pairCharacterized by mental deficiency, a broad face, and slanting eyes. Death by middle age. Wilder Penfield ------ Stimulated parts of the brain with electrical probes The Electroencephalograph (EEG) ------ Record natural electricity in the brain (brain waves) passed between electrodes.Associated with feeling of relaxation, sleep stages, and epilepsy. Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT Scan) ------ Brain imaging that passes a narrow x-ray beam through the head & measures structures that reflect the rays from various angles, enabling a computer to generate a 3D image. Position Emission Tomography (PET Scan) ------ Brain imaging that injects a radioactive tracer into the bloodstream and assesses activity of parts of the brain according to the amount of glucose they metabolize. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) ------ Brain imaging that places a person in a magnetic field and uses radio waves to cause the brain to emit signals that reveal shifts in the floe of blood, which, in turn, indicate brain activity. Functional MRI ------ A form of MRI that enables researchers to observe the brain "while it works" by taking repeated scans. Prefrontal Cortex ------ EXECUTIVE CENTER where decisions are made to keep information in memory and solve problems Hindbrain ------ Where the spinal cord rises to meet the brain. Pons(bridge) ------ A structure of the hindbrain involved in respiration, attention, sleep, and dreaming.In front of medulla. Transmits info about body movement. Medulla ------ An oblong area of the hindbrain involved in regulating heartbeat and respiration. Cerebellum ------ A part of the hindbrain involved in maintaining balance and controlling motor behavior. Reticular Activating System (RAS) ------ A part of the brain involved in attention, sleep, and arousal.Vital in attention, sleep, and arousal.Injury may result in a coma. Forebrain ------ Most forward part of the brain. Thalamus ------ Near the center of the brain involved in the relay of sensory information to the cortex and in the functions of sleep and attention. Hypothalamus ------ A bundle of nuclei below the thalamus involved in body temperature, motivation, and emotion. James Olds & Peter Milner ------ Discovered an animal's hypothalamus on accident.PLEASURE CENTERHumans are stimulated by higher functions. Choices & Values. Limbic System ------ A group of structures involved in memory, motivation, and emotion that forms a fringe along the inner edge of the cerebrum. Cerebrum ------ The large mass of the forebrain, which consists of 2 hemispheres Cerebral Cortex ------ The wrinkled surface area(gray matter) of the cerebrum. Fissure ------ Valley in the cortex. Somatosensory Cortex ------ The section of cortex in which sensory stimulation is projected. It lies behind the central fissure in the parietal lobe. Prefrontal region ------ Involved in thinking & language. Aphasia ------ A disruption in the ability to understand or produce language. Wernicke's Aphasia ------ A language disorder characterized by difficulty comprehending the meaning of spoken language. Broca's Aphasia ------ A language disorder characterized by slow difficult speech. Left Brain ------ Logical & Intellectual Right Brain ------ Intuitive, creative, and emotional. Left Handedness ------ Used to be considered a deficiency.Tend to have language problems, yet gifted in music & math.1 parent left handed = 80% probability for child Epilepsy ------ Temporary disturbances of brain function that involve sudden neural discharges. Glands ------ Organs that secrete one or more chemical substances such as hormones, saliva, milk.2 Types: with & without ducts Ducts ------ A passageway that carries substances to specific locations. Endocrine System ------ System of ductless glands that secrete hormones and release them directly into the blood stream. Hormone ------ A substance secreted by an endocrine gland that regulates body functions.Ex: growth,metabolism, and some behavior Pituitary Gland ------ MASTER GLAND -growth hormone(muscles, bones, glands) -prolactin (maternal behavior) -Vasopressin (paternal behavior for animals) -Oxytocin (stimulates labor) Hypothalamus ------ COMMANDER GLAND Pineal Gland ------ Secretes melatonin: regulates sleep-wake cycle Thyroid Gland ------ Produces thyroxin, which affects the body's metabolism. Hypothyroidism ------ A condition that results from too little thyroxin.Too much or too little causes overweight & sluggishness. Cretinism ------ A condition characterized by stunned growth & mental retardation. Adrenal Glands ------ (located above the kidneys)Secretes hormones called corticosteroids: increase resistance to stress, promote muscle development, cause liver to release sugar, making more energy available for emergencies. Darwin ------ Believed in evolution & contradicted the Bible Batural Selection ------ Species that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. Mutation ------ Small, random genetic variations. Evolutionary Psychology ------ Studies ways in which adaptation and natural selection are connected with mental processes and behavior. Instincts ------ Stereotyped pattern of behavior that is triggered by a particular stimulus. Heredity ------ Defines NatureTraits from parents to offspring by means of genes. Genetics ------ Defines NurtureThe area of biology that focuses on heredity. Genes ------ MOST BASIC unit of heredity, found on a specific point on chromosome Chromosomes ------ A microscopic rod-shaped body in the cell nucleus carrying genes that transmit heredity traits from generation to generation. DNA ------ Forms the basic material of chromosomes; form of a double helix and contains genetic code.James Watson & Francis Crick Polygenetic ------ Traits influenced by gene combos.Ex: intelligence. Genotype ------ Genetic makeup based on nucleotide sequencing.NATURE Phenotype ------ Outer appearance based off life experiences.NURTURE Sex Chromosomes ------ 23rd pair, which determines sexX from father =femaleY from father=male Kinship Studies ------ *identical twins share 100% genes**parents & children have 50%**aunts & uncles share 25% with nieces/nephews**1st cousins share 12.5%* Zygote ------ The fertilized egg cell (ovum) that carries genetic messages from both parents Monozygotic Twins (MZ) ------ Develop from a single fertilized ovum that divides into 2 early in development; share the same genetic code. (IDENTICAL) Dizygotic Twins ------ Develop from 2 fertilized ova who are closest relates as brother & sister in general (FRATERNAL)
Side A ------ Side B Nervous System ------ Without it, you couldn't exist! Made up of your brain, your spinal cord, and a network of nerves. Your brain uses information it receives from your nerves to coordinate all of your actions and reactions. Neuron ------ A specialized, impulse-conducting cell. CENTER OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEMConsists of the cell body, axon, and dendrites. Cell Body ------ Generates energy needed to carry out the work. Dendrites ------ Root like structures, attached to the cell body of neuron, that receive impulses form other neurons. Axon ------ A long, thin part of a neuron that transmits impulses to other neurons from terminal buttons. What is a neuron's job? ------ Carry messages in ONE DIRECTION from dendrites/cell body, through axon, to axon terminals.Then transmits messages from terminal buttons to other neurons, muscles, or glands Glial Cells ------ Remove dead neurons & waste from the nervous system, nourish neurons, and direct their growth. Myelin ------ A fatty substance that decreases leakage of electrical current being carried along the axon, allowing messages to conduct regularly. Afferent Neurons ------ (Sensory Neurons)Receive & transmit messages from sensory receptors to the spinal cord and brain.Ex: The feeling you get in your foot after someone steps on it. Efferent Neurons ------ (Motor Neurons)Transmit messages from the brain or spinal cord to muscles and glands.Ex: Hopping around after someone steps on your foot. Luigi Galvani ------ Discovered that neural impulses are electrochemical.*Connected lightning rods to dissected frogs. When lightning struct their muscles contracted. Neural Impulses ------ Electrochemical messages that travel within neurons at somewhere between 2 and 225 mph.(neurons & body fluid contain ions in resting state)Chemical changes happen within neurons which cause them to be transmitted. Polarize/Resting Potential ------ An unequal distribution of ions (atoms with a positive or negative charge) on the two sides of the nerve cell membrane. Expressed as -70 mV, and the minus means that the inside is negative relative to (or compared to) the outside.It occurs when a membrane is not being stimulated or conducting impulses. Peripheral part of the nervous system ------ Everything except the brain & spinal cord Depolarize ------ To reduce the resting potential of a cell membrane from about 70 millivolts to -----> 0. positive chargePermeability of the cell membrane changes again, allowing no more sodium ions to enter. Action Potential ------ Very rapid change in membrane potential that occurs when a nerve cell membrane is stimulated. Potential goes from the resting potential (typically -70 mV) to some positive value (typically about +30 mV) in a very short period of time.Next section of the cell becomes permeable, positive ions are being pumped out, continuing the cycle.A L L O R N O N E How messages travel from neuron to neuron ------ A neuron fired neurotransmitters out of an axon.Incoming messages combine to reach a certain threshold. All-or-none principle ------ Action potentials occur maximally or not at all. Refractory Period ------ A phase following firing during.A neuron is less sensitive to messages from other neurons and will not fire. Synapse ------ Flows info from one neuron to another.When a nerve impuls reaches a synapse, axon terminals release chemical into the synaptic cleft. Synaptic Vesicles ------ Sacs in axon terminals, which contain neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters ------ Chemical substances involved in the transmission of neural impulses from one neuron to another.Work only at matching sites. -Exite: cause others to fire -Inhibit: prevent others to fireExcess or Deficiencies lead to depression & schizophrenia Receptor Site ------ A location on a dendrite of a receiving neuron tailored to receive a neurotransmitter. Parts of the nervous system ------ Brain, spinal cord, and nerves linking them to sensory organ, muscles, and glands. Central part of the nervous system ------ The brain & spinal cord Somatic Nervous System ------ Transmits messages about sight, sound, ect.Afferent (Sensory) & Efferent (Motor) Automatic Nervous System ------ Regulate glands & muscles of internal organs. -Sympathetic: prepares body for emergency -Parasympathetic: becomes active during relaxation. Spinal Cord ------ A long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the brain Spinal Reflex ------ A simple, unlearned response to a stimulus that may involve only 2 neurons (sensory & motor neuron) Gray Matter ------ Nonmyelinated neurons. Grayish neurons and neural segments that are involved in spinal reflex/or send axons to brain. White Matter ------ Longer myelinated axons that carry messages to and from the brain. Episonic Memory ------ remember what, where, and when you at dinner? Amygdala ------ Fear, emotion, and anxiety. Discovered by DelgadoTriggers stereotypical aggressive responses. Down Syndrome results from ------ when you have an extra chromosome on the 21st pairCharacterized by mental deficiency, a broad face, and slanting eyes. Death by middle age. Wilder Penfield ------ Stimulated parts of the brain with electrical probes The Electroencephalograph (EEG) ------ Record natural electricity in the brain (brain waves) passed between electrodes.Associated with feeling of relaxation, sleep stages, and epilepsy. Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT Scan) ------ Brain imaging that passes a narrow x-ray beam through the head & measures structures that reflect the rays from various angles, enabling a computer to generate a 3D image. Position Emission Tomography (PET Scan) ------ Brain imaging that injects a radioactive tracer into the bloodstream and assesses activity of parts of the brain according to the amount of glucose they metabolize. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) ------ Brain imaging that places a person in a magnetic field and uses radio waves to cause the brain to emit signals that reveal shifts in the floe of blood, which, in turn, indicate brain activity. Functional MRI ------ A form of MRI that enables researchers to observe the brain "while it works" by taking repeated scans. Prefrontal Cortex ------ EXECUTIVE CENTER where decisions are made to keep information in memory and solve problems Hindbrain ------ Where the spinal cord rises to meet the brain. Pons(bridge) ------ A structure of the hindbrain involved in respiration, attention, sleep, and dreaming.In front of medulla. Transmits info about body movement. Medulla ------ An oblong area of the hindbrain involved in regulating heartbeat and respiration. Cerebellum ------ A part of the hindbrain involved in maintaining balance and controlling motor behavior. Reticular Activating System (RAS) ------ A part of the brain involved in attention, sleep, and arousal.Vital in attention, sleep, and arousal.Injury may result in a coma. Forebrain ------ Most forward part of the brain. Thalamus ------ Near the center of the brain involved in the relay of sensory information to the cortex and in the functions of sleep and attention. Hypothalamus ------ A bundle of nuclei below the thalamus involved in body temperature, motivation, and emotion. James Olds & Peter Milner ------ Discovered an animal's hypothalamus on accident.PLEASURE CENTERHumans are stimulated by higher functions. Choices & Values. Limbic System ------ A group of structures involved in memory, motivation, and emotion that forms a fringe along the inner edge of the cerebrum. Cerebrum ------ The large mass of the forebrain, which consists of 2 hemispheres Cerebral Cortex ------ The wrinkled surface area(gray matter) of the cerebrum. Fissure ------ Valley in the cortex. Somatosensory Cortex ------ The section of cortex in which sensory stimulation is projected. It lies behind the central fissure in the parietal lobe. Prefrontal region ------ Involved in thinking & language. Aphasia ------ A disruption in the ability to understand or produce language. Wernicke's Aphasia ------ A language disorder characterized by difficulty comprehending the meaning of spoken language. Broca's Aphasia ------ A language disorder characterized by slow difficult speech. Left Brain ------ Logical & Intellectual Right Brain ------ Intuitive, creative, and emotional. Left Handedness ------ Used to be considered a deficiency.Tend to have language problems, yet gifted in music & math.1 parent left handed = 80% probability for child Epilepsy ------ Temporary disturbances of brain function that involve sudden neural discharges. Glands ------ Organs that secrete one or more chemical substances such as hormones, saliva, milk.2 Types: with & without ducts Ducts ------ A passageway that carries substances to specific locations. Endocrine System ------ System of ductless glands that secrete hormones and release them directly into the blood stream. Hormone ------ A substance secreted by an endocrine gland that regulates body functions.Ex: growth,metabolism, and some behavior Pituitary Gland ------ MASTER GLAND -growth hormone(muscles, bones, glands) -prolactin (maternal behavior) -Vasopressin (paternal behavior for animals) -Oxytocin (stimulates labor) Hypothalamus ------ COMMANDER GLAND Pineal Gland ------ Secretes melatonin: regulates sleep-wake cycle Thyroid Gland ------ Produces thyroxin, which affects the body's metabolism. Hypothyroidism ------ A condition that results from too little thyroxin.Too much or too little causes overweight & sluggishness. Cretinism ------ A condition characterized by stunned growth & mental retardation. Adrenal Glands ------ (located above the kidneys)Secretes hormones called corticosteroids: increase resistance to stress, promote muscle development, cause liver to release sugar, making more energy available for emergencies. Darwin ------ Believed in evolution & contradicted the Bible Batural Selection ------ Species that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. Mutation ------ Small, random genetic variations. Evolutionary Psychology ------ Studies ways in which adaptation and natural selection are connected with mental processes and behavior. Instincts ------ Stereotyped pattern of behavior that is triggered by a particular stimulus. Heredity ------ Defines NatureTraits from parents to offspring by means of genes. Genetics ------ Defines NurtureThe area of biology that focuses on heredity. Genes ------ MOST BASIC unit of heredity, found on a specific point on chromosome Chromosomes ------ A microscopic rod-shaped body in the cell nucleus carrying genes that transmit heredity traits from generation to generation. DNA ------ Forms the basic material of chromosomes; form of a double helix and contains genetic code.James Watson & Francis Crick Polygenetic ------ Traits influenced by gene combos.Ex: intelligence. Genotype ------ Genetic makeup based on nucleotide sequencing.NATURE Phenotype ------ Outer appearance based off life experiences.NURTURE Sex Chromosomes ------ 23rd pair, which determines sexX from father =femaleY from father=male Kinship Studies ------ *identical twins share 100% genes**parents & children have 50%**aunts & uncles share 25% with nieces/nephews**1st cousins share 12.5%* Zygote ------ The fertilized egg cell (ovum) that carries genetic messages from both parents Monozygotic Twins (MZ) ------ Develop from a single fertilized ovum that divides into 2 early in development; share the same genetic code. (IDENTICAL) Dizygotic Twins ------ Develop from 2 fertilized ova who are closest relates as brother & sister in general (FRATERNAL)
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