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Side A ------ Side B
what is an excellent source of most vitamins. ------ liver
____ is high in distiller grains and cause toxicity problems when distillers are fed at high levels in the diet. ------ sulfur
what is the maximum tolerable sulfur level for most ruminant diets? ------ 0.16 - 0.24%
a vitamin __ , calcium or phosporous deficiency can have similar symptoms. ------ D
animals exposed to the sun wll have reduced ___ requirements. ------ vitamin D
wheat products may improve ___ absorption due to their ___ activity and is more beneficial for monogastrics compared to ruminant animals. ------ phosphorous, phytase
a phosphorous deficiency that cause animals to eat almost any hard object is called: ------ Pica
grass tetany is commonly associated with excess potassium in the forage. ------ true
pansteatitis in cats results from a ___ deficiency. ------ vitamin E
vitamin ___ is required for the enlargement of the foramen through which the optic nerve passes. ------ A
polioencephalomalcia is associated with a ____ deficiency and excess ___ in ruminants. ------ thiamine, sulfur
the vitamin required for the synthesis of FAD is: ------ riboflavin
the mineral that combines with hydroxyapatite to form a harder crystal is: ------ flouride
selenium intake can have a major effect on the ____ requirement. ------ vitamin E
why is anemia a symptom of copper deficiency? ------ because copper is needed to get iron into a form that can be incorporated into hemoglobin in red blood cells.
polioencephalomalcia will cause animals to what? ------ hold their head in an odd position (star gazing)
what animal would be least susceptible to copper toxicity? ------ a growing pig
if animals consume raw fish products or bracken fern, the amount of thiamine required in the diet would: ------ increase
Jersey cattle are ___ susceptible to copper toxicity than Holsteins. ------ more
thumps is a sign on ___ deficiency. ------ iron
iodine and selenium are required for the synthesis of: ------ thyroxine
moldy sweet clover disease is likely to respond to ___ injections. ------ vitamin K
a magnesium chloride enema will help prevent: ------ grass tetany
the "animal protein factor" is: ------ vitamin B12
what is the mineral deficiency that causes parakeratosis in pigs? ------ zinc
vitamin D2 is equal to D3 in all species except: ------ poultry
what vitamin helps to prevent oxidation in cell membranes? ------ vitamin E & C
goiter is a sign of ___ deficiency. ------ iodine
brassica family plants in the diet can ____ the iodine requirement of livestock. ------ increase
aluminum concentrations in the brain are associated with: ------ Alzheimers disease
weed killers, insecticides, and green-treated wood could contribute to the ___ intake of livestock. ------ arsenic
cadmium is one of the most toxic elements because: ------ it has a long half-life in the body
lead can be absorbed through: ------ the respiratory tracts, digestive tract and skin
what is the most common nutrient deficiency in the human population? ------ iron deficiency
vitamin D is similar to what? why? ------ hormones, because of similar structure and function in the body
the intrinsic factor is required for the absorption of: ------ vitamin B12
calcium, sodium, magnesium, and potassium are all macro-mineral ___. ------ cations
what is an especially important route of mineral excretion during heat stress? ------ sweat
generally, high-forage diets will be ___ in calcium. ------ high
the body uses ___ as a calcium and phosphorous storage house. ------ bone
magnesium oxide is included in the mineral supplement to prevent: ------ grass tetany
the calcium deficiency that affects a large number of post-menopausal women in the U.S. is: ------ osteoporosis
a folic acid deficiency in humans cna increase the incidence of: ------ soina bifida
the FDA regulates how much ____ is added to diets. ------ selenium
the farm animal most susceptible to iron deficiency is: ------ baby pig
night blindness is often the first sign of a ___ deficiency. ------ vitamin A
iodine supplementation is usually provided through: ------ iodized salt
the selenium toxicity disease in cattle is called: ------ blind staggers
what are the signs of a vitamin D deficiency? ------ rickets & osteomalacia
vitamin ____ will reduce the amount of time required for blood to clot. ------ K
in humans, a vitamin C deficiency can cause: ------ scurvy
vitamin C in water-soluble and is required in the diets of what animals? ------ humans, primates, and guinea pigs. also poultry if they are under heat stress
retinol is a ____ vitamin. ------ fat-soluble
the mineral that is a key component of vitamin B12 is: ------ cobalt
curled toe paralysis is a common sign of ___ in poultry. ------ riboflavin
another name for vitamin B6 is: ------ pyridoxine
black tongue disease in dogs is cause by a ___ deficiency and has similar symptoms to ____ in people. ------ niacin, pellagra
the vitamin that is part of the structure of coenzyme A is: ------ pantothenic acid
the strongest noncovalent bond in nature is between avidin and: ------ biotin
the only mineral for which animals exhibit "nutritional wisdom" is: ------ sodium
what animals have little or no need for inorganic sulfur in their diet? ------ non-ruminants
the main reason some breeds of dairy cows give milk with a yellow tint is because: ------ it contains more carotene than breeds that give a more pure white milk
salt is added ot most diets to meet the ___ requirement ------ sodium
certain breeds of ___ have an inherited disorder that reduces B12 absorption. given an example. ------ dogs, giant schnauzer
vitamin A toxicosis in the ___ is known as deforming cervical spondylosis. ------ cat
the vitamin sometimes referred to as ascorbic acid is: ------ C
an "International Unit" as applied to vitamins is: ------ the smallest unit that can be measured as biological activity
alpha tocopherol is the common form of vitamin: ------ E
beta carotene is converted to vitamin: ------ A
1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol is the active form of vitamin: ------ D
menadione is one form of vitamin: ------ K
____ concentration in sheep diets affects the level of copper required to cause copper toxicity. ------ molybdenum
more than any other class of nutrients, _____ interact so that the level of one affects the requirement of another. ------ minerals
_____ vitamins can be given as an injection because large doses are stored in the body. ------ fat-soluble
what two things can cause grass tetany? ------ excess potassium and magnesium deficiency
what animal is most susceptible to copper toxicity? ------ sheep
what can excess calcium cause? ------ parakeratosis in pigs because the calcium competes with zinc and causes the pig to be zinc deficient
what vitamin is stored in the body for the shortest time? ------ C because it is water-soluble
how long in the half-life of cadmium in the body? ------ 20-30 years
the ____,___,____ and ___ are all required for the active form of vitamin D to have its effect. ------ skin, liver, kidney, small intestine
usually high concentrations of B vitamins in the ____ would be indicative of excess B vitamins in the diet. ------ urine, because B vitamins are water-soluble
excess fat-soluble vitamins would be found in the: ------ feces
for monogastric animals, methionine and cystine are a source of _____. ------ sulfur
in general, B12 supplements are not added to ____ diets. ------ ruminant
what is the most common form of vitamin A? ------ retinol
what is another name for vitamin D? ------ sunshine vitamin
list the vitamins in order from longest storage in the body to shortest storage in the body. ------ A, D, E, K, B & C
what fat-soluble vitamin is stored in the body for the shortest time? ------ K
vitamin A is necessary for ___ function in males and females. ------ reproductive
vitamin A deficiency causes atrophy of the ____  and reduces _____. ------ adrenal gland, immune response
what is the basic building block to form vitamin D? ------ cholesterol
vitamin E deficiency symptoms: ------ mulberry heart disease (pigs), stiff lamb disease, white muscle disease (calf)
Vitamin E is one of the ____ toxic vitamins. ------ least
what vitamin K dependent coagulation protein usually causes problems if K deficient? ------ factor II
what is the active form of B6? ------ pyridoxal phosphate
what are the three general biochemical functions of vitamin B6? ------ amino acid metabolism, seritonin, epinepherine and norepinephrine
what are the biochemical functions of folic acid? ------ carrier of one-carbon methyl groups, purine synthesis, and initation of translation
deficiency of folic acid results in: ------ reduced biosynthesis of DNA & RNA and reduced cell division
what B vitamin is required in the smallest amount? ------ B12
what is the largest and most complex water-soluble vitamin? ------ B12
choline is commonly supplemented in diets for: ------ rapidly growing animals
deficiency of choline causes ____ in poultry. ------ slipped tendon
what are the general functions of essential minerals? ------ skeletal structure, maintain osmotic pressure, regulation of acid-base balance
of all the forages, which one is an especially good source of calcium? ------ alfalfa
what is the most common deficiency problem in farm animals? ------ calcium deficiency
for monogastrics, you have to look at ____ phosphorous. ------ bioavailable, ruminants use phosphorous the best
grass tetany is usually found in what conditions? ------ spring, cold & wet conditions, lactating cows
providing plenty of ____ will help prevent grass tetany. ------ salt
functions of sodium: ------ osmotic balance, transmission of nerve impulses
selenium deficiency symptoms: ------ white muscle disease, edema, suppressed immune system, impaired reproduction
thyroid gland contains ___% of the iodine in the body. ------ 50
at least 90 different enzymes require ___ as a cofactor. ------ zinc
what is the main issue with lead toxicity? ------ the animal will be affected within 48 hours so its harder to treat.
vitamin A concentrations are ___ in most farm animal diets. ------ unstable
change in hair color is a sign of ___ deficiency. ------ copper
a ____ soluble form of vitamin K is used as a supplement in most animal diets. ------ water
the vitamin that may be important for people who live north of a line from Boston to Los Angeles is: ------ D
the mineral associated with skin health: ------ zinc

Side A ------ Side B
what is an excellent source of most vitamins. ------ liver
____ is high in distiller grains and cause toxicity problems when distillers are fed at high levels in the diet. ------ sulfur
what is the maximum tolerable sulfur level for most ruminant diets? ------ 0.16 - 0.24%
a vitamin __ , calcium or phosporous deficiency can have similar symptoms. ------ D
animals exposed to the sun wll have reduced ___ requirements. ------ vitamin D
wheat products may improve ___ absorption due to their ___ activity and is more beneficial for monogastrics compared to ruminant animals. ------ phosphorous, phytase
a phosphorous deficiency that cause animals to eat almost any hard object is called: ------ Pica
grass tetany is commonly associated with excess potassium in the forage. ------ true
pansteatitis in cats results from a ___ deficiency. ------ vitamin E
vitamin ___ is required for the enlargement of the foramen through which the optic nerve passes. ------ A
polioencephalomalcia is associated with a ____ deficiency and excess ___ in ruminants. ------ thiamine, sulfur
the vitamin required for the synthesis of FAD is: ------ riboflavin
the mineral that combines with hydroxyapatite to form a harder crystal is: ------ flouride
selenium intake can have a major effect on the ____ requirement. ------ vitamin E
why is anemia a symptom of copper deficiency? ------ because copper is needed to get iron into a form that can be incorporated into hemoglobin in red blood cells.
polioencephalomalcia will cause animals to what? ------ hold their head in an odd position (star gazing)
what animal would be least susceptible to copper toxicity? ------ a growing pig
if animals consume raw fish products or bracken fern, the amount of thiamine required in the diet would: ------ increase
Jersey cattle are ___ susceptible to copper toxicity than Holsteins. ------ more
thumps is a sign on ___ deficiency. ------ iron
iodine and selenium are required for the synthesis of: ------ thyroxine
moldy sweet clover disease is likely to respond to ___ injections. ------ vitamin K
a magnesium chloride enema will help prevent: ------ grass tetany
the "animal protein factor" is: ------ vitamin B12
what is the mineral deficiency that causes parakeratosis in pigs? ------ zinc
vitamin D2 is equal to D3 in all species except: ------ poultry
what vitamin helps to prevent oxidation in cell membranes? ------ vitamin E & C
goiter is a sign of ___ deficiency. ------ iodine
brassica family plants in the diet can ____ the iodine requirement of livestock. ------ increase
aluminum concentrations in the brain are associated with: ------ Alzheimers disease
weed killers, insecticides, and green-treated wood could contribute to the ___ intake of livestock. ------ arsenic
cadmium is one of the most toxic elements because: ------ it has a long half-life in the body
lead can be absorbed through: ------ the respiratory tracts, digestive tract and skin
what is the most common nutrient deficiency in the human population? ------ iron deficiency
vitamin D is similar to what? why? ------ hormones, because of similar structure and function in the body
the intrinsic factor is required for the absorption of: ------ vitamin B12
calcium, sodium, magnesium, and potassium are all macro-mineral ___. ------ cations
what is an especially important route of mineral excretion during heat stress? ------ sweat
generally, high-forage diets will be ___ in calcium. ------ high
the body uses ___ as a calcium and phosphorous storage house. ------ bone
magnesium oxide is included in the mineral supplement to prevent: ------ grass tetany
the calcium deficiency that affects a large number of post-menopausal women in the U.S. is: ------ osteoporosis
a folic acid deficiency in humans cna increase the incidence of: ------ soina bifida
the FDA regulates how much ____ is added to diets. ------ selenium
the farm animal most susceptible to iron deficiency is: ------ baby pig
night blindness is often the first sign of a ___ deficiency. ------ vitamin A
iodine supplementation is usually provided through: ------ iodized salt
the selenium toxicity disease in cattle is called: ------ blind staggers
what are the signs of a vitamin D deficiency? ------ rickets & osteomalacia
vitamin ____ will reduce the amount of time required for blood to clot. ------ K
in humans, a vitamin C deficiency can cause: ------ scurvy
vitamin C in water-soluble and is required in the diets of what animals? ------ humans, primates, and guinea pigs. also poultry if they are under heat stress
retinol is a ____ vitamin. ------ fat-soluble
the mineral that is a key component of vitamin B12 is: ------ cobalt
curled toe paralysis is a common sign of ___ in poultry. ------ riboflavin
another name for vitamin B6 is: ------ pyridoxine
black tongue disease in dogs is cause by a ___ deficiency and has similar symptoms to ____ in people. ------ niacin, pellagra
the vitamin that is part of the structure of coenzyme A is: ------ pantothenic acid
the strongest noncovalent bond in nature is between avidin and: ------ biotin
the only mineral for which animals exhibit "nutritional wisdom" is: ------ sodium
what animals have little or no need for inorganic sulfur in their diet? ------ non-ruminants
the main reason some breeds of dairy cows give milk with a yellow tint is because: ------ it contains more carotene than breeds that give a more pure white milk
salt is added ot most diets to meet the ___ requirement ------ sodium
certain breeds of ___ have an inherited disorder that reduces B12 absorption. given an example. ------ dogs, giant schnauzer
vitamin A toxicosis in the ___ is known as deforming cervical spondylosis. ------ cat
the vitamin sometimes referred to as ascorbic acid is: ------ C
an "International Unit" as applied to vitamins is: ------ the smallest unit that can be measured as biological activity
alpha tocopherol is the common form of vitamin: ------ E
beta carotene is converted to vitamin: ------ A
1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol is the active form of vitamin: ------ D
menadione is one form of vitamin: ------ K
____ concentration in sheep diets affects the level of copper required to cause copper toxicity. ------ molybdenum
more than any other class of nutrients, _____ interact so that the level of one affects the requirement of another. ------ minerals
_____ vitamins can be given as an injection because large doses are stored in the body. ------ fat-soluble
what two things can cause grass tetany? ------ excess potassium and magnesium deficiency
what animal is most susceptible to copper toxicity? ------ sheep
what can excess calcium cause? ------ parakeratosis in pigs because the calcium competes with zinc and causes the pig to be zinc deficient
what vitamin is stored in the body for the shortest time? ------ C because it is water-soluble
how long in the half-life of cadmium in the body? ------ 20-30 years
the ____,___,____ and ___ are all required for the active form of vitamin D to have its effect. ------ skin, liver, kidney, small intestine
usually high concentrations of B vitamins in the ____ would be indicative of excess B vitamins in the diet. ------ urine, because B vitamins are water-soluble
excess fat-soluble vitamins would be found in the: ------ feces
for monogastric animals, methionine and cystine are a source of _____. ------ sulfur
in general, B12 supplements are not added to ____ diets. ------ ruminant
what is the most common form of vitamin A? ------ retinol
what is another name for vitamin D? ------ sunshine vitamin
list the vitamins in order from longest storage in the body to shortest storage in the body. ------ A, D, E, K, B & C
what fat-soluble vitamin is stored in the body for the shortest time? ------ K
vitamin A is necessary for ___ function in males and females. ------ reproductive
vitamin A deficiency causes atrophy of the ____  and reduces _____. ------ adrenal gland, immune response
what is the basic building block to form vitamin D? ------ cholesterol
vitamin E deficiency symptoms: ------ mulberry heart disease (pigs), stiff lamb disease, white muscle disease (calf)
Vitamin E is one of the ____ toxic vitamins. ------ least
what vitamin K dependent coagulation protein usually causes problems if K deficient? ------ factor II
what is the active form of B6? ------ pyridoxal phosphate
what are the three general biochemical functions of vitamin B6? ------ amino acid metabolism, seritonin, epinepherine and norepinephrine
what are the biochemical functions of folic acid? ------ carrier of one-carbon methyl groups, purine synthesis, and initation of translation
deficiency of folic acid results in: ------ reduced biosynthesis of DNA & RNA and reduced cell division
what B vitamin is required in the smallest amount? ------ B12
what is the largest and most complex water-soluble vitamin? ------ B12
choline is commonly supplemented in diets for: ------ rapidly growing animals
deficiency of choline causes ____ in poultry. ------ slipped tendon
what are the general functions of essential minerals? ------ skeletal structure, maintain osmotic pressure, regulation of acid-base balance
of all the forages, which one is an especially good source of calcium? ------ alfalfa
what is the most common deficiency problem in farm animals? ------ calcium deficiency
for monogastrics, you have to look at ____ phosphorous. ------ bioavailable, ruminants use phosphorous the best
grass tetany is usually found in what conditions? ------ spring, cold & wet conditions, lactating cows
providing plenty of ____ will help prevent grass tetany. ------ salt
functions of sodium: ------ osmotic balance, transmission of nerve impulses
selenium deficiency symptoms: ------ white muscle disease, edema, suppressed immune system, impaired reproduction
thyroid gland contains ___% of the iodine in the body. ------ 50
at least 90 different enzymes require ___ as a cofactor. ------ zinc
what is the main issue with lead toxicity? ------ the animal will be affected within 48 hours so its harder to treat.
vitamin A concentrations are ___ in most farm animal diets. ------ unstable
change in hair color is a sign of ___ deficiency. ------ copper
a ____ soluble form of vitamin K is used as a supplement in most animal diets. ------ water
the vitamin that may be important for people who live north of a line from Boston to Los Angeles is: ------ D
the mineral associated with skin health: ------ zinc