Download (MYP: Biology 9th Grade (Final Exams)) Flashcard

Choose a format below:

TEXT Format (.txt) MS-Excel Format (.xls)

Select delimiter » Comma Semicolon Tab New Line Custom

Preview »

Side A ------ Side B
Nuclear envelope w/ pores.plant&animal
nucleus
 ------ A double membrane that surrounds and contains nuclear material. Nuclear pores allowmaterials to leave the nucleus into the cytoplasm of the cell.
NucleolusBoth	 .Nucleus	 ------ .Made up of chromatin.  It assembles ribosomes.
Chromosome/ ChromatinBoth	Nucleus ------ Store genetic information (DNA).  Chromatin is DNA wound around protein spools, while chromosomes are tightly coiled chromatin during cell division.
Mitochondria
“Powerhouse”
BothCytoplasm
 ------ double-membrane organelle... the site of cellular respiration in the cell. (cellular respiration breaks down glucose to release energy)
•Endoplasmic Reticulum
“Internal transport system”
Both	.Cytoplasm
 ------ transports material throughout cell.ser manufactures lipids/breaks down toxic substances.RER. important making of proteins due to  ribosomes.  


•Golgi apparatus
“Packaging Plant”

 ------ Both	Cytoplasm.Made up of flattened membrane sacs. Modifies and packages proteins and other substance.
Chloroplast ------ Plants.Cytoplasm.(contains chlorophyll), .Site of photosynthesis in a plant cell. 1st of 3 plastids.


Amyloplast/ Leucoplast ------ Plants.Cytoplasm.2nd of 3 types of plastids found in plant cells.  They store amylose (starch).  
Chromoplast ------ Plants.Cytoplasm.3rd of 3 types of plastids, it stores accessory pigments in plant cells.
Vacuoles/Vesicles ------ Both	.Cytoplasm.Vacuoles/vesicles are storage compartments of the cell.  They can contain food, proteins, waste…etc…


Lysosomes ------ Animal.Cytoplasm.Produced by the Golgi apparatus,  contain digestive enzymes used to breakdown food or worn out cell parts.
Microtubules/ Microfilaments ------ Both	.Cytoplasm.Protein fibers that make up the cytoskeleton.Microtubules are hollow tubes, while microfilaments are more thread-like.


Centrioles ------ Animal.Cytoplasm.Made up of 9 groups of 3 microtubules.  They produce the spindle fibers that separate chromosomes during cell division.
Cell Wall ------ Plant.Boundary.Made up of proteins and cellulose, it provides support and protection to a plant cell.  It gives the cell its shape..  
Plasma Membrane ------ Both.Boundary.Made up of a bilayer of phospholipids with proteins embedded.  Maintains homeostasis by regulating what enters and leaves the cell.  
•Cilia ------ Animal.Boundary.Short hair-like structures used for locomotion.   Usually they are numerous.  
•Flagella ------ Animal.Boundary.Long whip-like structures used for locomotion. 1 or 2 per cell. 
Ribosomes ------ Both	.Cytoplasm,Endo. Reticulum,Nuc. Envelope	NOT a true organelle. lack a membrane,VERY important ,they are the site of protein synthesis.  


atom ------ the smallest part of an element 
molecule ------ the smallest particle of a substance which can exist in a free state 
compound ------ a molecule or particle made of different elements 
element ------ a type of atom, a substance which cannot be further divided by chemical methods 
electron ------ 1/1840.negative.electron cloud
proton ------ 1.positive.nucleus
neutron ------ 1.neutral.nucleus
covalent bond  ------ a strong bond formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms 
hydrogen bonding  ------ a weak bond between hydrogen and a negative element 
hydrolysis ------ the breaking of a covalent bond between two organic molecules using water
condensation ------ the formation of a strong covalent bond between two organic molecules releasing water. 
Name organic compounds: ------ SPONCH elements. carbohydrates(cho)Lipids (CHOP).Proteins (CHONS).Nucleic Acids (PONCH)

Name number of electrons on each ring(level): ------ 1-2,2-8,3-18,4-32
Simplest organic compound ------ methane
backbone of organic compunds: ------ Carbon
carbohydrates ------ CHO,monomer:monosaccharide(glucose),disaccharide(sucrose)...Polymer:polysaccharide(plants-cellulose,animals-glycogen,lignin-fungi)
Lipids ------ CHOP,monomer:fatty acid,glycerol,steroids(important in cell communication),waxes,cholesterol...polymer:triglycerides(fats and oils)
Proteins ------ CHONS.monomer:amino acids...polymer: polypeptides
Nulcleic acids ------ PONCH,monomer:nucleotide,atp,dna,rna...Polymer:nucleic acid, dna, rna, atp
•RNA ------ Usually single strands.Four types of nucleotides
Unlike DNA, contains the base uracil in place of thymine.

DNA ------ Double-stranded .Sugar-phosphate backbone
Covalent bonds in backbone.H bonds between bases


Nucleic acids functions ------ Energy carriers (ATP)
Building blocks for nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)


ATP ------ special type of nucleic acid.Sugar.Three phosphate groups.Adenine (a nitrogen-containing base  


Nucleotide parts ------ 5 carbon sugar.Nitrogen base.Phosphate group.When nucleotides combine, the polymer is still called a nucleic acid.

•Types and functions of proteins: ------ Structural(builds):Movement:Defense:Signaling:Cell recognition: Transport: 

enzyme controlled reactions ------ Metabolism: controls build-up and break-down on organic macromolecules- Lowers energy required for reaction - Enzyme not changed by the reaction

protein synthesis ------ Peptide bond
Covalent bonds link amino group of one amino acid with carboxyl group of next


waxes ------ Long-chain fatty acids linked to long-chain alcohols or carbon rings.Firm consistency, repel water.Important in water-proofing


sterols and derivatives ------ No fatty acids.Rigid backbone of four fused-together carbon rings.Cholesterol - most common type in animals


phospholipids ------ Main component of cell membranes.
Hydrophilic head.
Hydrophobic tails


fats ------ Fatty acid(s) attached to glycerol
Triglycerides are most common


Lipids:extra ------ Most include fatty acids.Fats.Phospholipids.Waxes.Sterols and their derivatives have no fatty acids.Tend to be insoluble in water


Chitin ------ Polysaccharide.Nitrogen-containing groups attached to glucose monomers.Structural material for hard parts of invertebrates,


Glycogen ------ Sugar storage form in animals
Large stores in muscle and liver cells


polysaccharides ------ Straight or branched chains of many sugar monomers
Most common are composed entirely of glucose


disaccharide ------ Type of oligosaccharide
Two monosaccharides covalently bonded 


monosaccharides ------ Simplest carbohydrates
Most are sweet tasting, water soluble
Most have 5- or 6-carbon backbone


Cation ------ an atoms that has lost one or more electrons (positively charged)


ion ------ charged particle
Anion ------ an atoms that has gained one or more electrons (negatively charged)


water's three phases ------ liquid,vapor(gas),solid(crystal)
which model is which??* look at answer ------ which is which?
properties of water#1 ------ Cohesive/adhesive.Bonds to hydrophilic substances.dissolve substances.Repels hydrophobic sub..Expands when freezes.Temperature stabilizing 
properties of water#2 ------ transparaency,cohesion,solvent properties
Cohesion ------ Water molecules stick to each other 
Solvent properties ------ dissolve in water
more properties of water#3 ------ heat capacity(water has large capacity),boiling and freezing point(relatively high/hydrogen bonds must be broken)
life must include: ------ cellular organization,respond to stimuli,growth,development,metabolism,reproduction,homeostasis,adaptation
cell theory:: ------ all organisms are composed of one or more cells,cells are the basic unit of life,cells arise from existing cells
exceptions to cell theory: ------ spontaneous generation,panspermia,viruses
what does the simplest cell look like:: ------ cell membrane,DNA,cytoplasm,ribosomes
Prokaryote parts: ------ cell wall,cytoplasm,pili,flagella,ribosomes
Hierarchy of life ------ atoms/biomolecules/organelles/cells/tissue/organ/organ systems/organism/population/community/ecosystem/biome/biosphere
Organelle ------ a subcellular structure that forms a specific function for the cell
differences between plant and animal cells: ------ cell wall/choloroplast/large cebtral vacuoles/centrioles
why cells are small: ------ sa:rate at which materials enter or leave a cell
v:rate at which materials are used
-may not be able to make materials/excrete materials
Resolution ------ the capability of distinguishing between two separate but adjacent objects;the degree of sharpness of an image


info.::Light microscopes ------ Magnifies images using light
First type of microscope used and still widely used, poor resolution. (0.25 _m)
Advantages of light microscopes

 ------ Samples easily prepared.Samples examined while alive.Movement observed.Color.Field of view=relatively large.Inexpensive


info.::Electron microscope ------ Magnifies images using electrons
Better resolution than light microscope. (0.25 nm)


Disadvantages of electron microscope ------ Preparation difficult, time consuming(toxic chemicals).Samples are killed in preparation.No movement.Monochrome.Small field of view.expensive


scientists: cell theory ------ theodor schwann/matthias schleiden/rudolf virchow
Concentration Gradient  ------ the number of molecules or ions in one region is different than the number in another region


Diffusion ------ The net movement of like molecules or ions down a concentration gradient
factors affecting diffusion rate: ------ Steepness of concentration gradient(Steep gradient)Molecular size(Small mol. )Temp.(High temp.)Electrical/pressure gradients


Osmosis ------ The diffusion of water across a membrane
Lipid bilayer ------ Main component of cell membranes/Gives membrane its fluid properties/Fatty acid tails sandwiched between hydrophilic heads 


Fluid Mosaic Model ------ Membrane is a mosaic of:Phospholipids/Glycolipids/Sterols (cholesterols)/Proteins


Passive Transport ------ Uses the energy of the system (no ATP)/Moves with the concentration gradient/Diffusion
Fascillitated diffusion/Osmosis


Active Transport ------ Uses cellular (ATP) energy/Can move against the concentration gradient/large substances through the membrane/Active protein transport/
        


Label ------ Image attached
Ionic Bond ------ nonmetal+metal
Covalent Bond ------ nonmetal+nonmetal
just review over this ------ review
info.:Water ------ *polar molecule (uneven distribution of +/ - charges) *excellent dissolving power, universal solvent due to  it’s polarity *hydrogen bonding 


Acids ------ * release "H" ion     * pH range from 0-7    * sour taste     
Bases ------ * release "OH" ion     * "accepts" H ion from acid.     * pH range from 7-14    * bitter taste & slippery 
Salts ------ * product of neutralization reaction      * ionically bonded, metal & non-metal
pH of common life substances: ------ pure water:7
lemon juice:2.3
baking soda:9
macromolecules: ------ SPONCH elements
Substrate: ------ compound altered by enzyme
All organic compounds:: ------ Made by living things..essential for life/Have a carbon"C"backbone/Created by condensation reaction(dehydration synthesis)/Hydrolosis-break

facilitated diffusion ------ type of passive transport/moves substances down their gradient without using cell's energy
What kind of carrier transport speeds up diffusion? ------ carrier proteins
sodium-potassium pump ------ three sodium ions out of cell/two potassium ions in 
ion channel ------ transport protein with polar pore through which ions can pass
STM(scanning) ------ uses computer to make a 3-d image
which system do scientists use to measure? ------ metric
proteins in cell membranes include:: ------ enzymes,receptor proteins,transport proteins, and cell-surface markers
hydrogen bonding.. ------ is a weak bond and occurs between polar molecules
All matter is made ... ------ of atoms
activation energy ------ the energy needed to start a chemical reaction
theory ------ a set of related hypothesis that have been tested and approved by many scientists
prediction ------ expected outcome of a test
hypothesis ------ en explanation that might be true
observation ------ the act of noting/perceiving objects or events with the senses

Side A ------ Side B
Nuclear envelope w/ pores.plant&animal
nucleus
 ------ A double membrane that surrounds and contains nuclear material. Nuclear pores allowmaterials to leave the nucleus into the cytoplasm of the cell.
NucleolusBoth	 .Nucleus	 ------ .Made up of chromatin.  It assembles ribosomes.
Chromosome/ ChromatinBoth	Nucleus ------ Store genetic information (DNA).  Chromatin is DNA wound around protein spools, while chromosomes are tightly coiled chromatin during cell division.
Mitochondria
“Powerhouse”
BothCytoplasm
 ------ double-membrane organelle... the site of cellular respiration in the cell. (cellular respiration breaks down glucose to release energy)
•Endoplasmic Reticulum
“Internal transport system”
Both	.Cytoplasm
 ------ transports material throughout cell.ser manufactures lipids/breaks down toxic substances.RER. important making of proteins due to  ribosomes.

•Golgi apparatus
“Packaging Plant”

------ Both	Cytoplasm.Made up of flattened membrane sacs. Modifies and packages proteins and other substance.
Chloroplast ------ Plants.Cytoplasm.(contains chlorophyll), .Site of photosynthesis in a plant cell. 1st of 3 plastids.

Amyloplast/ Leucoplast ------ Plants.Cytoplasm.2nd of 3 types of plastids found in plant cells.  They store amylose (starch).  
Chromoplast ------ Plants.Cytoplasm.3rd of 3 types of plastids, it stores accessory pigments in plant cells.
Vacuoles/Vesicles ------ Both	.Cytoplasm.Vacuoles/vesicles are storage compartments of the cell.  They can contain food, proteins, waste…etc…

Lysosomes ------ Animal.Cytoplasm.Produced by the Golgi apparatus,  contain digestive enzymes used to breakdown food or worn out cell parts.
Microtubules/ Microfilaments ------ Both	.Cytoplasm.Protein fibers that make up the cytoskeleton.Microtubules are hollow tubes, while microfilaments are more thread-like.

Centrioles ------ Animal.Cytoplasm.Made up of 9 groups of 3 microtubules.  They produce the spindle fibers that separate chromosomes during cell division.
Cell Wall ------ Plant.Boundary.Made up of proteins and cellulose, it provides support and protection to a plant cell.  It gives the cell its shape..  
Plasma Membrane ------ Both.Boundary.Made up of a bilayer of phospholipids with proteins embedded.  Maintains homeostasis by regulating what enters and leaves the cell.  
•Cilia ------ Animal.Boundary.Short hair-like structures used for locomotion.   Usually they are numerous.  
•Flagella ------ Animal.Boundary.Long whip-like structures used for locomotion. 1 or 2 per cell. 
Ribosomes ------ Both	.Cytoplasm,Endo. Reticulum,Nuc. Envelope	NOT a true organelle. lack a membrane,VERY important ,they are the site of protein synthesis.

atom ------ the smallest part of an element 
molecule ------ the smallest particle of a substance which can exist in a free state 
compound ------ a molecule or particle made of different elements 
element ------ a type of atom, a substance which cannot be further divided by chemical methods 
electron ------ 1/1840.negative.electron cloud
proton ------ 1.positive.nucleus
neutron ------ 1.neutral.nucleus
covalent bond  ------ a strong bond formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms 
hydrogen bonding  ------ a weak bond between hydrogen and a negative element 
hydrolysis ------ the breaking of a covalent bond between two organic molecules using water
condensation ------ the formation of a strong covalent bond between two organic molecules releasing water. 
Name organic compounds: ------ SPONCH elements. carbohydrates(cho)Lipids (CHOP).Proteins (CHONS).Nucleic Acids (PONCH)

Name number of electrons on each ring(level): ------ 1-2,2-8,3-18,4-32
Simplest organic compound ------ methane
backbone of organic compunds: ------ Carbon
carbohydrates ------ CHO,monomer:monosaccharide(glucose),disaccharide(sucrose)...Polymer:polysaccharide(plants-cellulose,animals-glycogen,lignin-fungi)
Lipids ------ CHOP,monomer:fatty acid,glycerol,steroids(important in cell communication),waxes,cholesterol...polymer:triglycerides(fats and oils)
Proteins ------ CHONS.monomer:amino acids...polymer: polypeptides
Nulcleic acids ------ PONCH,monomer:nucleotide,atp,dna,rna...Polymer:nucleic acid, dna, rna, atp
•RNA ------ Usually single strands.Four types of nucleotides
Unlike DNA, contains the base uracil in place of thymine.

DNA ------ Double-stranded .Sugar-phosphate backbone
Covalent bonds in backbone.H bonds between bases

Nucleic acids functions ------ Energy carriers (ATP)
Building blocks for nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

ATP ------ special type of nucleic acid.Sugar.Three phosphate groups.Adenine (a nitrogen-containing base

Nucleotide parts ------ 5 carbon sugar.Nitrogen base.Phosphate group.When nucleotides combine, the polymer is still called a nucleic acid.

•Types and functions of proteins: ------ Structural(builds):Movement:Defense:Signaling:Cell recognition: Transport:

enzyme controlled reactions ------ Metabolism: controls build-up and break-down on organic macromolecules- Lowers energy required for reaction - Enzyme not changed by the reaction

protein synthesis ------ Peptide bond
Covalent bonds link amino group of one amino acid with carboxyl group of next

waxes ------ Long-chain fatty acids linked to long-chain alcohols or carbon rings.Firm consistency, repel water.Important in water-proofing

sterols and derivatives ------ No fatty acids.Rigid backbone of four fused-together carbon rings.Cholesterol - most common type in animals

phospholipids ------ Main component of cell membranes.
Hydrophilic head.
Hydrophobic tails

fats ------ Fatty acid(s) attached to glycerol
Triglycerides are most common

Lipids:extra ------ Most include fatty acids.Fats.Phospholipids.Waxes.Sterols and their derivatives have no fatty acids.Tend to be insoluble in water

Chitin ------ Polysaccharide.Nitrogen-containing groups attached to glucose monomers.Structural material for hard parts of invertebrates,

Glycogen ------ Sugar storage form in animals
Large stores in muscle and liver cells

polysaccharides ------ Straight or branched chains of many sugar monomers
Most common are composed entirely of glucose

disaccharide ------ Type of oligosaccharide
Two monosaccharides covalently bonded

monosaccharides ------ Simplest carbohydrates
Most are sweet tasting, water soluble
Most have 5- or 6-carbon backbone

Cation ------ an atoms that has lost one or more electrons (positively charged)

ion ------ charged particle
Anion ------ an atoms that has gained one or more electrons (negatively charged)

water's three phases ------ liquid,vapor(gas),solid(crystal)
which model is which??* look at answer ------ which is which?
properties of water#1 ------ Cohesive/adhesive.Bonds to hydrophilic substances.dissolve substances.Repels hydrophobic sub..Expands when freezes.Temperature stabilizing 
properties of water#2 ------ transparaency,cohesion,solvent properties
Cohesion ------ Water molecules stick to each other 
Solvent properties ------ dissolve in water
more properties of water#3 ------ heat capacity(water has large capacity),boiling and freezing point(relatively high/hydrogen bonds must be broken)
life must include: ------ cellular organization,respond to stimuli,growth,development,metabolism,reproduction,homeostasis,adaptation
cell theory:: ------ all organisms are composed of one or more cells,cells are the basic unit of life,cells arise from existing cells
exceptions to cell theory: ------ spontaneous generation,panspermia,viruses
what does the simplest cell look like:: ------ cell membrane,DNA,cytoplasm,ribosomes
Prokaryote parts: ------ cell wall,cytoplasm,pili,flagella,ribosomes
Hierarchy of life ------ atoms/biomolecules/organelles/cells/tissue/organ/organ systems/organism/population/community/ecosystem/biome/biosphere
Organelle ------ a subcellular structure that forms a specific function for the cell
differences between plant and animal cells: ------ cell wall/choloroplast/large cebtral vacuoles/centrioles
why cells are small: ------ sa:rate at which materials enter or leave a cell
v:rate at which materials are used
-may not be able to make materials/excrete materials
Resolution ------ the capability of distinguishing between two separate but adjacent objects;the degree of sharpness of an image

info.::Light microscopes ------ Magnifies images using light
First type of microscope used and still widely used, poor resolution. (0.25 _m)
Advantages of light microscopes

------ Samples easily prepared.Samples examined while alive.Movement observed.Color.Field of view=relatively large.Inexpensive

info.::Electron microscope ------ Magnifies images using electrons
Better resolution than light microscope. (0.25 nm)

Disadvantages of electron microscope ------ Preparation difficult, time consuming(toxic chemicals).Samples are killed in preparation.No movement.Monochrome.Small field of view.expensive

scientists: cell theory ------ theodor schwann/matthias schleiden/rudolf virchow
Concentration Gradient  ------ the number of molecules or ions in one region is different than the number in another region

Diffusion ------ The net movement of like molecules or ions down a concentration gradient
factors affecting diffusion rate: ------ Steepness of concentration gradient(Steep gradient)Molecular size(Small mol. )Temp.(High temp.)Electrical/pressure gradients

Osmosis ------ The diffusion of water across a membrane
Lipid bilayer ------ Main component of cell membranes/Gives membrane its fluid properties/Fatty acid tails sandwiched between hydrophilic heads

Fluid Mosaic Model ------ Membrane is a mosaic of:Phospholipids/Glycolipids/Sterols (cholesterols)/Proteins

Passive Transport ------ Uses the energy of the system (no ATP)/Moves with the concentration gradient/Diffusion
Fascillitated diffusion/Osmosis

Active Transport ------ Uses cellular (ATP) energy/Can move against the concentration gradient/large substances through the membrane/Active protein transport/

Label ------ Image attached
Ionic Bond ------ nonmetal+metal
Covalent Bond ------ nonmetal+nonmetal
just review over this ------ review
info.:Water ------ *polar molecule (uneven distribution of +/ - charges) *excellent dissolving power, universal solvent due to  it’s polarity *hydrogen bonding

Acids ------ * release "H" ion     * pH range from 0-7    * sour taste     
Bases ------ * release "OH" ion     * "accepts" H ion from acid.     * pH range from 7-14    * bitter taste & slippery 
Salts ------ * product of neutralization reaction      * ionically bonded, metal & non-metal
pH of common life substances: ------ pure water:7
lemon juice:2.3
baking soda:9
macromolecules: ------ SPONCH elements
Substrate: ------ compound altered by enzyme
All organic compounds:: ------ Made by living things..essential for life/Have a carbon"C"backbone/Created by condensation reaction(dehydration synthesis)/Hydrolosis-break

facilitated diffusion ------ type of passive transport/moves substances down their gradient without using cell's energy
What kind of carrier transport speeds up diffusion? ------ carrier proteins
sodium-potassium pump ------ three sodium ions out of cell/two potassium ions in 
ion channel ------ transport protein with polar pore through which ions can pass
STM(scanning) ------ uses computer to make a 3-d image
which system do scientists use to measure? ------ metric
proteins in cell membranes include:: ------ enzymes,receptor proteins,transport proteins, and cell-surface markers
hydrogen bonding.. ------ is a weak bond and occurs between polar molecules
All matter is made ... ------ of atoms
activation energy ------ the energy needed to start a chemical reaction
theory ------ a set of related hypothesis that have been tested and approved by many scientists
prediction ------ expected outcome of a test
hypothesis ------ en explanation that might be true
observation ------ the act of noting/perceiving objects or events with the senses