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Side A ------ Side B
What are double ringed nitrogenous bases called, and what are they? ------ Purines/ guanine and adenine
What are single ringed nitrogenous bases called, and what are they? ------ Pyrimidines/ cytosine and thymine (they all have ''y's")
What is the name of the rule that refers to the complementary nature of DNA? (Number of Adenine = Number of Thymine and Number of Cytosine = Number of Guanine) ------ Chargaff's Rule
The process of DNA making a copy of itself is called ------ Replication; average speed: 20 nucletides per second are added to new strand
When replication is completed, each molecule will have one original template strand. This is called ------ Semi-conservative replication
In DNA replication, new strands always begin at its __ end and nucleotides are added to its __ end. ------ 5' , 3'
Enzymes responsible for building a DNA polymer; there are more than one kind; they catalyze the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of the strand and cannot start the strand ------ DNA polymerases
Molecules in the nucleus that provide the substrates to build a new strand of RNA or DNA; have 3 phosphate groups ------ free nucleotides
Specific sequences on the DNA template strand where replication begins ------ origin of replication
Giant cloud of molecules that contain all enzymes, all substrates, and everything needed for replication --moves along the DNA molecules--replication only occurs where this is ------ DNA replication machine
Enzyme responsible for pulling the DNA helix apart; breaks hydrogen bonds ------ DNA helicase
Proteins that bind to the strands, keeping them apart so replication can occur ------ Single-strand binding proteins
Point where the two template strands of DNA are being pulled apart (y-shaped structure) ------ Replication fork
New strand built in the same direction that the replication fork is moving ------ Leading strand
New strand built in the opposite direction of the movement of the replication fork ------ Lagging strand
Built first, at the 5' end about 10 nucleotides long; synthesized at the point where replication begins ------ RNA primer
Responsible for building primers, made of RNA; digested and replaced with DNA nucleotides ------ Primase enzymes
Gets rid of primers and joins strands together ------ DNA ligase
100 to 2000 nucleotides pieces (short fragments of DNA) that must be joined by DNA ligase to form the lagging strand in DNA replication ------ Ogazaki fragments
A mistake that happens in replication ------ Mutation
One molecule of DNA with proteins attached; organized into nucleosomes; condensed chromatin ------ chromosome
Cells that lack membrane-bound organelles (no nucleus); generally have only ONE CIRCULAR CHROMOSOME; only one origin of replication (bidirectional); cell division is unique ------ Prokaryotic cells
Cells that have membrane-bound organelles, including nucleus; chromosomes are linear; more than one chromosome per nucleus (each species has a specific number of chromosomes) ------ Eukaryotic cells
Actual material in the nucleus; 40% DNA, 60% protein ------ Chromatin
Nonhistone proteins that help maintain chromosome structure ------ Scaffolding proteins
Structures of which the inside is made of 8 histone protein molecules; length of DNA (wrapped twice) is 146 base pairs long; positively charged ------ Nucleosome
Two types of Eukaryotic Cells ------ Germ cells- very specialized cells involved in sexual reproduction
 
Somatic cells- majority of eukaryotic cells; nuclear division
Phase in cell division when chromatin is not condensed into chromosomes; no cell division; no nuclear division; majority of the time in the life of the cell ------ Interphase
Phase in cell division when no DNA synthesis occurs; growth and metabolism take place; usually the longest phase ------ G1 phase (gap)
Phase in cell division when DNA replication occurs, chromosomes are duplicated ------ S phase (synthesis)
Phase in cell division when there is alot of protein synthesis; the cell gets ready for division ------ G2 phase (gap)
Phase in cell division when the nucleus divides; nuclear divison; cytoplasm divides (cytokinesis); forms two daughter cells ------ M phase (mitosis)
Nuclear division that produces two nuclei containing chromosomes identical to the parental nucleus; begins at the end of the G2 phase; occurs in 4 phases ------ Mitosis
1st stage of mitosis; nuclear membrane starts to fall apart; pieces are stored in vesicles (can be recycled); centrioles move up the sides; mitotic spindle forms ------ Prophase
Identical, double-stranded DNA sequences; linked by cohesin (ring shaped protein) ------ Sister chromatids
Specialized constricted region of a chromatid; contains kinetochore (a multiprotein complex to which micrtotubules can bind) ------ Centromere
2nd phase of mitosis; mitotic spindle is complete; sister chromatids line up at the midplane (metaphase plate) ------ Metaphase
Mitotic spindle's two types of microtubules: ------ Polar microtubules- run from the poles and overlap at the metaphase plate
 
Kinetochore microtubule- run from the micrtobule organizing centers and bind to the kinetochores of sister chromatids
Other type of mictotubule that runs from the centrioles toward the outside of the cell ------ Astral microtubules
3rd stage of mitosis; sister chromatids pulled apart; make daughter chromatids, which head to the poles; kinteochore MT get shorter and pull daughter chromatids in; polar MT get longer, pushing the 2 poles of cell apart; oblong mother cell with copy of each chromatid at each pole ------ Anaphase
Final stage of mitosis; nuclei are starting to reform; spindle fibers disintegrate; reforming nuclear envelope; chromosomes start to disorganize; cytokinesis begins ------ Telophase
Division of the cytoplasm to yeild two daughter cells;
IN ANIMALS- microfilaments pinch (cleave) cell and form 2 cells
IN PLANTS- occurs intially by building cell plate at metaplate; new cell wall and plasma membrane
BOTH- mitochondria and chloroplasts each copy itself and DNA ------ Cytokinesis
Why do somatic cells divide? ------ Growth
Repair/replacement
Maintenance
NOT for sexual reproduction
What regulates the cell cycle? ------ Proteins (cyclins-regulatory proteins produced by cells); accumulation in cellsCyclin-dependent kinases (cdks)- protein kinases involved in controlling the cell cycle
Sequence of the DNA molecules that holds the information to build a specific product (protein and RNA products) ------ Gene
A complex series of events in which the info in DNA directs production of specific proteins coded in genes ------ Gene expression
The process of building an RNA molecule that is complementary and antiparallel to a small portion of a DNA template; occurs in the nucleolus; also know as RNA synthesis ------ Transcription
Process of  building a protein polypeptide using the code on an mRNA; the small subunit of the ribosome binds to mRNA, allowing this process to occur; occurs at the ribosomes ------ Translation; occurs 20 amino acids per second
What do these characteristics describe?
5 Carbon sugar is ribose
4 bases are adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine
single stranded
shorter than DNA molecule
has covalent bonds (phosphodiester bonds)
has 5' and 3' ends
C1 holds the nitrogenous bas
  ------ RNA
Enzyme used to build RNA polymers; must be present; bind to promoter (specific DNA sequence that is the starting point of a gene)after the gene is turned on ------ RNA polymerase
The direction of transcription is always  ------ DOWNSTREAM (toward the 3' end of the RNA or 5' end of the template strand)
Single strand of RNA that carries the information for making a protein; "intermediate molecule"; intiated at 5' end ------ mRNA
Each 3 nitrogenous bases on the mRNA ------ codon (ONLY on mRNA)
Amino acid that always initiates a polypeptide chain ------ Met (AUG)
Single strand of RNA that folds back on itself to form a specific shape; transfers amino acid to ribsomes; has the anti-codons ------ tRNA
tRNA that has an amino acid binded to its 3' end ------ Amino-acyl tRNA
Made of proteins bound to rRNA (ribosomal RNA) no membrane; 40% protein and 60% rRNA; split into large subunits (has 3 tRNA biding sites---E,P, and A) and small subunit (has a small mRNA binding site) ------ Ribosome
Large subunit binding sites ------ A site (aminoacyl site) the aminoacyl tRNA delievering the next amino acid in the sequence binds at this location.
P site stands for polypeptide. It holds polypeptide chain being builit.
E site stands for exit. tRNAs that have given up their amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain exit the ribsome.
The anticodon that is complementary to the codon attaches with ________ bonds. ------ Hydrogen

Side A ------ Side B
What are double ringed nitrogenous bases called, and what are they? ------ Purines/ guanine and adenine
What are single ringed nitrogenous bases called, and what are they? ------ Pyrimidines/ cytosine and thymine (they all have ''y's")
What is the name of the rule that refers to the complementary nature of DNA? (Number of Adenine = Number of Thymine and Number of Cytosine = Number of Guanine) ------ Chargaff's Rule
The process of DNA making a copy of itself is called ------ Replication; average speed: 20 nucletides per second are added to new strand
When replication is completed, each molecule will have one original template strand. This is called ------ Semi-conservative replication
In DNA replication, new strands always begin at its __ end and nucleotides are added to its __ end. ------ 5' , 3'
Enzymes responsible for building a DNA polymer; there are more than one kind; they catalyze the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of the strand and cannot start the strand ------ DNA polymerases
Molecules in the nucleus that provide the substrates to build a new strand of RNA or DNA; have 3 phosphate groups ------ free nucleotides
Specific sequences on the DNA template strand where replication begins ------ origin of replication
Giant cloud of molecules that contain all enzymes, all substrates, and everything needed for replication --moves along the DNA molecules--replication only occurs where this is ------ DNA replication machine
Enzyme responsible for pulling the DNA helix apart; breaks hydrogen bonds ------ DNA helicase
Proteins that bind to the strands, keeping them apart so replication can occur ------ Single-strand binding proteins
Point where the two template strands of DNA are being pulled apart (y-shaped structure) ------ Replication fork
New strand built in the same direction that the replication fork is moving ------ Leading strand
New strand built in the opposite direction of the movement of the replication fork ------ Lagging strand
Built first, at the 5' end about 10 nucleotides long; synthesized at the point where replication begins ------ RNA primer
Responsible for building primers, made of RNA; digested and replaced with DNA nucleotides ------ Primase enzymes
Gets rid of primers and joins strands together ------ DNA ligase
100 to 2000 nucleotides pieces (short fragments of DNA) that must be joined by DNA ligase to form the lagging strand in DNA replication ------ Ogazaki fragments
A mistake that happens in replication ------ Mutation
One molecule of DNA with proteins attached; organized into nucleosomes; condensed chromatin ------ chromosome
Cells that lack membrane-bound organelles (no nucleus); generally have only ONE CIRCULAR CHROMOSOME; only one origin of replication (bidirectional); cell division is unique ------ Prokaryotic cells
Cells that have membrane-bound organelles, including nucleus; chromosomes are linear; more than one chromosome per nucleus (each species has a specific number of chromosomes) ------ Eukaryotic cells
Actual material in the nucleus; 40% DNA, 60% protein ------ Chromatin
Nonhistone proteins that help maintain chromosome structure ------ Scaffolding proteins
Structures of which the inside is made of 8 histone protein molecules; length of DNA (wrapped twice) is 146 base pairs long; positively charged ------ Nucleosome
Two types of Eukaryotic Cells ------ Germ cells- very specialized cells involved in sexual reproduction
 
Somatic cells- majority of eukaryotic cells; nuclear division
Phase in cell division when chromatin is not condensed into chromosomes; no cell division; no nuclear division; majority of the time in the life of the cell ------ Interphase
Phase in cell division when no DNA synthesis occurs; growth and metabolism take place; usually the longest phase ------ G1 phase (gap)
Phase in cell division when DNA replication occurs, chromosomes are duplicated ------ S phase (synthesis)
Phase in cell division when there is alot of protein synthesis; the cell gets ready for division ------ G2 phase (gap)
Phase in cell division when the nucleus divides; nuclear divison; cytoplasm divides (cytokinesis); forms two daughter cells ------ M phase (mitosis)
Nuclear division that produces two nuclei containing chromosomes identical to the parental nucleus; begins at the end of the G2 phase; occurs in 4 phases ------ Mitosis
1st stage of mitosis; nuclear membrane starts to fall apart; pieces are stored in vesicles (can be recycled); centrioles move up the sides; mitotic spindle forms ------ Prophase
Identical, double-stranded DNA sequences; linked by cohesin (ring shaped protein) ------ Sister chromatids
Specialized constricted region of a chromatid; contains kinetochore (a multiprotein complex to which micrtotubules can bind) ------ Centromere
2nd phase of mitosis; mitotic spindle is complete; sister chromatids line up at the midplane (metaphase plate) ------ Metaphase
Mitotic spindle's two types of microtubules: ------ Polar microtubules- run from the poles and overlap at the metaphase plate
 
Kinetochore microtubule- run from the micrtobule organizing centers and bind to the kinetochores of sister chromatids
Other type of mictotubule that runs from the centrioles toward the outside of the cell ------ Astral microtubules
3rd stage of mitosis; sister chromatids pulled apart; make daughter chromatids, which head to the poles; kinteochore MT get shorter and pull daughter chromatids in; polar MT get longer, pushing the 2 poles of cell apart; oblong mother cell with copy of each chromatid at each pole ------ Anaphase
Final stage of mitosis; nuclei are starting to reform; spindle fibers disintegrate; reforming nuclear envelope; chromosomes start to disorganize; cytokinesis begins ------ Telophase
Division of the cytoplasm to yeild two daughter cells;
IN ANIMALS- microfilaments pinch (cleave) cell and form 2 cells
IN PLANTS- occurs intially by building cell plate at metaplate; new cell wall and plasma membrane
BOTH- mitochondria and chloroplasts each copy itself and DNA ------ Cytokinesis
Why do somatic cells divide? ------ Growth
Repair/replacement
Maintenance
NOT for sexual reproduction
What regulates the cell cycle? ------ Proteins (cyclins-regulatory proteins produced by cells); accumulation in cellsCyclin-dependent kinases (cdks)- protein kinases involved in controlling the cell cycle
Sequence of the DNA molecules that holds the information to build a specific product (protein and RNA products) ------ Gene
A complex series of events in which the info in DNA directs production of specific proteins coded in genes ------ Gene expression
The process of building an RNA molecule that is complementary and antiparallel to a small portion of a DNA template; occurs in the nucleolus; also know as RNA synthesis ------ Transcription
Process of  building a protein polypeptide using the code on an mRNA; the small subunit of the ribosome binds to mRNA, allowing this process to occur; occurs at the ribosomes ------ Translation; occurs 20 amino acids per second
What do these characteristics describe?
5 Carbon sugar is ribose
4 bases are adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine
single stranded
shorter than DNA molecule
has covalent bonds (phosphodiester bonds)
has 5' and 3' ends
C1 holds the nitrogenous bas
  ------ RNA
Enzyme used to build RNA polymers; must be present; bind to promoter (specific DNA sequence that is the starting point of a gene)after the gene is turned on ------ RNA polymerase
The direction of transcription is always  ------ DOWNSTREAM (toward the 3' end of the RNA or 5' end of the template strand)
Single strand of RNA that carries the information for making a protein; "intermediate molecule"; intiated at 5' end ------ mRNA
Each 3 nitrogenous bases on the mRNA ------ codon (ONLY on mRNA)
Amino acid that always initiates a polypeptide chain ------ Met (AUG)
Single strand of RNA that folds back on itself to form a specific shape; transfers amino acid to ribsomes; has the anti-codons ------ tRNA
tRNA that has an amino acid binded to its 3' end ------ Amino-acyl tRNA
Made of proteins bound to rRNA (ribosomal RNA) no membrane; 40% protein and 60% rRNA; split into large subunits (has 3 tRNA biding sites---E,P, and A) and small subunit (has a small mRNA binding site) ------ Ribosome
Large subunit binding sites ------ A site (aminoacyl site) the aminoacyl tRNA delievering the next amino acid in the sequence binds at this location.
P site stands for polypeptide. It holds polypeptide chain being builit.
E site stands for exit. tRNAs that have given up their amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain exit the ribsome.
The anticodon that is complementary to the codon attaches with ________ bonds. ------ Hydrogen