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Side A ------ Side B
Alleles ------ The
different forms of a gene. Y and y are different alleles of the gene that
determines seed color. Alleles occupy the same locus, or position, on
chromosomes. 
Autosomal ------ A
locus on any chromosome but a sex chromosome. Not sex-linked. 
Co-Dominant Alleles ------ Two
different alleles at a locus are responsible for different phenotypes, and both
alleles affect the phenotype of the heterozygote. 
Complete Linkage ------ Complete
linkage describes the inheritance patterns for 2 genes on the same chromosome
when the observed frequency for crossover between the loci is zero. 
Crossing Over ------ Exchange
of genetic material between non-sister chromatids from homologous chromosome
during prophase I of meiosis; results in new allele combinations
Dioecious ------ Organisms
produce only one type of gamete; i.e. humans 
Diploid ------ Cell
with two of each kind of chromosome; is said to contain a diploid, or 2n,
number of chromosomes
Dominant Trait ------ cell
with two of each kind of chromosome; is said to contain a diploid, or 2n,
number of chromosomes
Egg ------ haploid female sex cell produced by meiosis
Epistasis ------ One
gene masks the expression of a different gene for a different trait. 
F1 Generation ------ Offspring
of a cross between true breeding plants, homozygous for the trait of interest 
F2 Generation ------ Offspring
of a cross involving the F1 generation.
Fertilization ------ fusion
of male and female gametes 
Gamete ------ male
and female sex cells, sperm and eggs
Genetic Recombination ------ major
source of genetic variation among organisms caused by re-assortment or crossing
over during meiosis
Genetics ------ branch
of biology that studies heredity 
Genotype ------ The genetic constitution of an organism with
respect to a trait. 
Haploid ------ cell
with one of each kind of chromosome; is said to contain a haploid or n, number
of chromosomes.
Hemizygous ------ If
there is only one copy of a gene for a particular trait In a diploid organism,
the organism is hemizygous for the trait, and will display a recessive
phenotype. X-linked genes in fly or human males are hemizygous. 
Hereditary ------ passing
on of characteristics from parents to offspring
Heterozygous ------ Differing
alleles for a trait in an individual, such as Yy. 
Homologous Chromosomes ------ The
pair of chromosomes in a diploid individual that have the same overall genetic
content. One member of each homologous pair of chromosomes in inherited from
each parent. 
Homozygous ------ Both
alleles for a trait are the same in an individual. They can be homozygous
dominant (YY), or homozygous recessive (yy). 
Hybrid ------ heterozygous;
usually referring to the offspring of two true-breeding (homozygous)
individuals differing in the traits of interest. 
Incomplete Dominance ------ Intermediate phenotype in F1, parental phenotypes reappear in F2. 
Lethal Alleles ------ Mutated genes that are
capable of causing death. 
Linkage ------ genes that are inherited
together on the same chromosome. Three inheritance patterns are possible:
non-linkage, Partial linkage, and complete linkage. 
Meiosis ------ type of cell division where
one body cell produces for gametes, each containing half the number of
chromosomes in a parent’s body.
Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment ------ Alleles of different genes
are assorted independently of one another during the formation of gametes. 
Mendel's Law of Segregation ------ Alleles segregate from one
another during the formation of gametes. 
Monoecious ------ Organisms produce both male and female gametes; i.e. garden pea.
Monohybrid Cross ------ Cross involving parents
differing in only one trait. 
Mutation ------ Change in the DNA sequence
of a gene to some new, heritable form. Generally, but now always a recessive
allele. 
Non-Disjunction ------ failure of homologous chromosomes to
separate properly during meiosis; results in gametes with too many or too few
chromosomes
Non-Linkage ------ Non-linkage describes the inheritance patterns for 2 genes on the same
chromosome, when the expected frequency for crossover between the loci is at
least one. 
Partial Linkage ------ Partial linkage describes one of the inheritance patterns for 2 genes on
the same chromosome, when the expected frequency for crossover between the loci
is greater than zero but less than one.
Phenotype ------ The physical appearance of an organism with respect to a trait, i.e.
yellow (Y) or green (y) seeds in garden peas.
Pleiotropic ------ A single gene determines
more than one phenotype for an organism. 
Pollination ------ Transfer of male pollen grains to the
pistil of a flower
Polyploidy ------ The condition in which an organism has
extra sets of chromosomes
Probability ------ A number that describes how likely it is
that an event will occur. 
Punnet Square ------ A chart that shows the possible
combinations of alleles that result from a genetic cross. 
Purebred ------ The offspring of many generations that
have the same traits. 
Recessive Trait ------ The opposite of dominant. A
trait that is preferentially masked. 
Reciprocal Cross ------ Using male and female gametes for two different traits, alternating the source of gametes. 

Sex Chromosomes ------ Sex determination is based on sex chromosomes  
Sex-Linked ------ A gene coded on a sex chromosome, such as the X-chromosome linked genes of flies and man. 

Sexual Reproduction ------ pattern of reproduction that involves the production of subsequent fusion of haploid cells.

Sperm ------ haploid male sex cells produced by meiosis

Test Cross ------ Generally a cross involving a homozygous recessive individual.

Trait ------ characteristic that is inherited; can be either dominant or recessive

True-Breeding ------ Homozygous for the
true-breeding trait. 
Wild-Type Allele ------ The non-mutant form of a
gene, encoding the normal genetic function. Generally, but not always a
dominant allele. 
Zygote ------ diploid cell formed when a
sperm fertilizes an egg.

Side A ------ Side B
Alleles ------ The
different forms of a gene. Y and y are different alleles of the gene that
determines seed color. Alleles occupy the same locus, or position, on
chromosomes. 
Autosomal ------ A
locus on any chromosome but a sex chromosome. Not sex-linked. 
Co-Dominant Alleles ------ Two
different alleles at a locus are responsible for different phenotypes, and both
alleles affect the phenotype of the heterozygote. 
Complete Linkage ------ Complete
linkage describes the inheritance patterns for 2 genes on the same chromosome
when the observed frequency for crossover between the loci is zero. 
Crossing Over ------ Exchange
of genetic material between non-sister chromatids from homologous chromosome
during prophase I of meiosis; results in new allele combinations
Dioecious ------ Organisms
produce only one type of gamete; i.e. humans 
Diploid ------ Cell
with two of each kind of chromosome; is said to contain a diploid, or 2n,
number of chromosomes
Dominant Trait ------ cell
with two of each kind of chromosome; is said to contain a diploid, or 2n,
number of chromosomes
Egg ------ haploid female sex cell produced by meiosis
Epistasis ------ One
gene masks the expression of a different gene for a different trait. 
F1 Generation ------ Offspring
of a cross between true breeding plants, homozygous for the trait of interest 
F2 Generation ------ Offspring
of a cross involving the F1 generation.
Fertilization ------ fusion
of male and female gametes 
Gamete ------ male
and female sex cells, sperm and eggs
Genetic Recombination ------ major
source of genetic variation among organisms caused by re-assortment or crossing
over during meiosis
Genetics ------ branch
of biology that studies heredity 
Genotype ------ The genetic constitution of an organism with
respect to a trait. 
Haploid ------ cell
with one of each kind of chromosome; is said to contain a haploid or n, number
of chromosomes.
Hemizygous ------ If
there is only one copy of a gene for a particular trait In a diploid organism,
the organism is hemizygous for the trait, and will display a recessive
phenotype. X-linked genes in fly or human males are hemizygous. 
Hereditary ------ passing
on of characteristics from parents to offspring
Heterozygous ------ Differing
alleles for a trait in an individual, such as Yy. 
Homologous Chromosomes ------ The
pair of chromosomes in a diploid individual that have the same overall genetic
content. One member of each homologous pair of chromosomes in inherited from
each parent. 
Homozygous ------ Both
alleles for a trait are the same in an individual. They can be homozygous
dominant (YY), or homozygous recessive (yy). 
Hybrid ------ heterozygous;
usually referring to the offspring of two true-breeding (homozygous)
individuals differing in the traits of interest. 
Incomplete Dominance ------ Intermediate phenotype in F1, parental phenotypes reappear in F2. 
Lethal Alleles ------ Mutated genes that are
capable of causing death. 
Linkage ------ genes that are inherited
together on the same chromosome. Three inheritance patterns are possible:
non-linkage, Partial linkage, and complete linkage. 
Meiosis ------ type of cell division where
one body cell produces for gametes, each containing half the number of
chromosomes in a parent’s body.
Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment ------ Alleles of different genes
are assorted independently of one another during the formation of gametes. 
Mendel's Law of Segregation ------ Alleles segregate from one
another during the formation of gametes. 
Monoecious ------ Organisms produce both male and female gametes; i.e. garden pea.
Monohybrid Cross ------ Cross involving parents
differing in only one trait. 
Mutation ------ Change in the DNA sequence
of a gene to some new, heritable form. Generally, but now always a recessive
allele. 
Non-Disjunction ------ failure of homologous chromosomes to
separate properly during meiosis; results in gametes with too many or too few
chromosomes
Non-Linkage ------ Non-linkage describes the inheritance patterns for 2 genes on the same
chromosome, when the expected frequency for crossover between the loci is at
least one. 
Partial Linkage ------ Partial linkage describes one of the inheritance patterns for 2 genes on
the same chromosome, when the expected frequency for crossover between the loci
is greater than zero but less than one.
Phenotype ------ The physical appearance of an organism with respect to a trait, i.e.
yellow (Y) or green (y) seeds in garden peas.
Pleiotropic ------ A single gene determines
more than one phenotype for an organism. 
Pollination ------ Transfer of male pollen grains to the
pistil of a flower
Polyploidy ------ The condition in which an organism has
extra sets of chromosomes
Probability ------ A number that describes how likely it is
that an event will occur. 
Punnet Square ------ A chart that shows the possible
combinations of alleles that result from a genetic cross. 
Purebred ------ The offspring of many generations that
have the same traits. 
Recessive Trait ------ The opposite of dominant. A
trait that is preferentially masked. 
Reciprocal Cross ------ Using male and female gametes for two different traits, alternating the source of gametes.

Sex Chromosomes ------ Sex determination is based on sex chromosomes  
Sex-Linked ------ A gene coded on a sex chromosome, such as the X-chromosome linked genes of flies and man.

Sexual Reproduction ------ pattern of reproduction that involves the production of subsequent fusion of haploid cells.

Sperm ------ haploid male sex cells produced by meiosis

Test Cross ------ Generally a cross involving a homozygous recessive individual.

Trait ------ characteristic that is inherited; can be either dominant or recessive

True-Breeding ------ Homozygous for the
true-breeding trait. 
Wild-Type Allele ------ The non-mutant form of a
gene, encoding the normal genetic function. Generally, but not always a
dominant allele. 
Zygote ------ diploid cell formed when a
sperm fertilizes an egg.