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ISSA (CFT): UNIT 3: Muscle Anatomy & Physiology
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Side A ------ Side B Musculoskeletal system ------ Body system that consists of the bones, joints, connective tissue, and muscles. Axial skeleton ------ Bones consisting of the skull, spine, ribs and sternum. Appendicular skeleton ------ Bones consisting of the upper and lower extremities, including the pelvic and shoulder girdles. Musculotendinous ------ Of, relating to, or affecting muscular and tendinous tissue. Joint ------ Point where two bones connect. Synovial fluid ------ A fluid that lubricates the smooth cartilage in joints. Collagen ------ Fibrous protein that forms tough connective tissue. Feedback loop ------ Section of a control system that serves as a regulatory mechanism; return input as some of the output. Elastin ------ Elastic fibrous protein found in connective tissue. Cartilage ------ A firm, elastic, flexible, white material found at the ends of ribs, between vertebrae (discs), at joint surfaces, and in the nose and ears. Ballistic movements ------ High-impact, rapid, jerking movements. Anterior ------ In front or in the front part Anteroinferior ------ In front and below Anterolateral ------ In front and to the side, especially the outside Anteromedial ------ In front and toward the inner side or midline Anteroposterior ------ Relating to both front and rear Caudal ------ Below in relation to another structure; inferior Cephalic ------ Above in relation to another structure; higher, superior Contralateral ------ Pertaining or relating to the opposite side Deep ------ Beneath or below the surface; used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue Distal ------ Situated away from the center or midline of the body, or away from the point of orgin. Dorsal ------ Relating to the back; posterior Inferior (infra) ------ Below in relation to another structure;caudal Ipsilateral ------ On the same side Lateral ------ On or to the side; outside, farther from the median or midsagittal plane Medial ------ Relating to the middle or center; nearer to the medial or midsagittal plan Posterior ------ Behind, in back, or in the rear Posteroinferior ------ Behind and below; in back and below Posterolateral ------ Behind and to one side, specifically to the outside Posteromedial ------ Behind and to the inner side Posterosuperior ------ Behind and at the upper part Prone ------ The body lying face downward; stomach lying Proximal ------ Nearest the trunk or the point of origin Superficial ------ Near the surface; used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue Superior ------ (supra) above in relation to another structure; higher, cephalic Supine ------ Lying on the back; face upward position of the body Ventral ------ Relating to the belly or abdomen Volar ------ Relation to palm of the hand or sole of the foot Origin ------ The proximal attachment; generally considered the least moveable part or the part that attaches closest to the midline or center of the body. Insertion ------ The distal attachment; generally considered the most moveable part or the part that attaches furthest from the midline or center of the body. Myofilaments ------ The elements of the muscle that actually shorten upon contraction; made up mainly of two types of protein: actin and myosin. Myosin ------ Short, thick contractile filaments. Actin ------ Long, think contractile filaments. Voluntary muscles tissues ------ Receives nerve fibers from the somatic nervous system that can be voluntarily controlled. (e.g., skeletal muscles) Involuntary muscle tissues ------ Receive nerve fibers from the autonomic nervous system and cannot be voluntarily controlled, except in a few rare cases. (e.g., the heart) Muscle spindles ------ Special sense organs that measure the strain in the muscle and can be used to pre-set the tension of muscles. Myofibrils ------ Tiny fibrils that make up a single muscle fiber. Sarcoplasm ------ Jelly-like intracellular fluid found in the muscle fiber. Sliding filament theory ------ Theory stating that a myofibril contracts by the actin and myosin filaments sliding over each other. Isometric ------ A contraction in which the muscle develops tension but does not shorten. Isotonic ------ A contraction in which the muscle shortens but retains constant tension. Concentric ------ A contraction in which a muscle shortens and overcomes a resistance. Eccentric ------ A contraction in which a muscle lengthens and is overcome by a resistance. Lactic acid ------ A byproduct of glucose and glycogen metabolism (glycolysis) in anaerobic muscle energetics. Fast-twitch ------ Muscle fiber type that contracts quickly and is used most in intensive, short-duration exercises. Slow-twitch ------ A muscle fiber characterized by its slow speed of contraction and a high capacity for aerobic glycolysis. Type I ------ A slow-twitch muscle fiber that generates ATP predominantly through the aerobic system of energy transfer. Type IIa ------ A fast-twitch fiber subdivision characterized by a fast shortening speed and well-developed capacity for energy transfer from aerobic and anaerobic sources. Type IIb ------ A fast-twitch fiber subdivision characterized by the most rapid shortening velocity and greatest anaerobic potential. Type IIc ------ A fast-twitch fiber that results from the ‘fusion’ of Type IIb with surrounding satellite cells. Size Principle of Fiber Recruitment ------ Principle stating that fibers with a high level of reliability are recruited first; those with lower levels of reliability are recruited last. All-or-none reaction ------ Concept stating that a unit is either completely relaxed or fully contracted; it is never partly contracted. Stretch reflex ------ A built-in protective function of the neuromuscular system in the muscle spindle. Proprioceptor ------ Specialized sensory receptors located in tendons and muscles sensitive to stretch, tension, and pressure. Anatomy ------ The science of the structure of the human body. Physiology ------ The science concerned with the normal vital processes of animal and vegetable organisms. ATP: Adenosine triphosphate ------ An energy-storing compound found in cells, which release energy when needed by the body. CP: Creatine phosphate ------ A high-energy phosphate molecule that is stored in cells and can be used to immediately resynthesize ATP. Creatine ------ Organic acid generally found in the muscle as phosphocreatine (creatine phosphate) that supplies energy for muscle contraction. Hypertrophy ------ An increase in the cross-sectional size of a muscle in response to strength training. Capillarization ------ An increase in size and number of tiny blood vessels surrounding cells. Hyperplasia ------ An increase in number of cells in a tissue or organ, excluding tumor formation, whereby bulk of the part or organ may be increased.
Side A ------ Side B Musculoskeletal system ------ Body system that consists of the bones, joints, connective tissue, and muscles. Axial skeleton ------ Bones consisting of the skull, spine, ribs and sternum. Appendicular skeleton ------ Bones consisting of the upper and lower extremities, including the pelvic and shoulder girdles. Musculotendinous ------ Of, relating to, or affecting muscular and tendinous tissue. Joint ------ Point where two bones connect. Synovial fluid ------ A fluid that lubricates the smooth cartilage in joints. Collagen ------ Fibrous protein that forms tough connective tissue. Feedback loop ------ Section of a control system that serves as a regulatory mechanism; return input as some of the output. Elastin ------ Elastic fibrous protein found in connective tissue. Cartilage ------ A firm, elastic, flexible, white material found at the ends of ribs, between vertebrae (discs), at joint surfaces, and in the nose and ears. Ballistic movements ------ High-impact, rapid, jerking movements. Anterior ------ In front or in the front part Anteroinferior ------ In front and below Anterolateral ------ In front and to the side, especially the outside Anteromedial ------ In front and toward the inner side or midline Anteroposterior ------ Relating to both front and rear Caudal ------ Below in relation to another structure; inferior Cephalic ------ Above in relation to another structure; higher, superior Contralateral ------ Pertaining or relating to the opposite side Deep ------ Beneath or below the surface; used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue Distal ------ Situated away from the center or midline of the body, or away from the point of orgin. Dorsal ------ Relating to the back; posterior Inferior (infra) ------ Below in relation to another structure;caudal Ipsilateral ------ On the same side Lateral ------ On or to the side; outside, farther from the median or midsagittal plane Medial ------ Relating to the middle or center; nearer to the medial or midsagittal plan Posterior ------ Behind, in back, or in the rear Posteroinferior ------ Behind and below; in back and below Posterolateral ------ Behind and to one side, specifically to the outside Posteromedial ------ Behind and to the inner side Posterosuperior ------ Behind and at the upper part Prone ------ The body lying face downward; stomach lying Proximal ------ Nearest the trunk or the point of origin Superficial ------ Near the surface; used to describe relative depth or location of muscles or tissue Superior ------ (supra) above in relation to another structure; higher, cephalic Supine ------ Lying on the back; face upward position of the body Ventral ------ Relating to the belly or abdomen Volar ------ Relation to palm of the hand or sole of the foot Origin ------ The proximal attachment; generally considered the least moveable part or the part that attaches closest to the midline or center of the body. Insertion ------ The distal attachment; generally considered the most moveable part or the part that attaches furthest from the midline or center of the body. Myofilaments ------ The elements of the muscle that actually shorten upon contraction; made up mainly of two types of protein: actin and myosin. Myosin ------ Short, thick contractile filaments. Actin ------ Long, think contractile filaments. Voluntary muscles tissues ------ Receives nerve fibers from the somatic nervous system that can be voluntarily controlled. (e.g., skeletal muscles) Involuntary muscle tissues ------ Receive nerve fibers from the autonomic nervous system and cannot be voluntarily controlled, except in a few rare cases. (e.g., the heart) Muscle spindles ------ Special sense organs that measure the strain in the muscle and can be used to pre-set the tension of muscles. Myofibrils ------ Tiny fibrils that make up a single muscle fiber. Sarcoplasm ------ Jelly-like intracellular fluid found in the muscle fiber. Sliding filament theory ------ Theory stating that a myofibril contracts by the actin and myosin filaments sliding over each other. Isometric ------ A contraction in which the muscle develops tension but does not shorten. Isotonic ------ A contraction in which the muscle shortens but retains constant tension. Concentric ------ A contraction in which a muscle shortens and overcomes a resistance. Eccentric ------ A contraction in which a muscle lengthens and is overcome by a resistance. Lactic acid ------ A byproduct of glucose and glycogen metabolism (glycolysis) in anaerobic muscle energetics. Fast-twitch ------ Muscle fiber type that contracts quickly and is used most in intensive, short-duration exercises. Slow-twitch ------ A muscle fiber characterized by its slow speed of contraction and a high capacity for aerobic glycolysis. Type I ------ A slow-twitch muscle fiber that generates ATP predominantly through the aerobic system of energy transfer. Type IIa ------ A fast-twitch fiber subdivision characterized by a fast shortening speed and well-developed capacity for energy transfer from aerobic and anaerobic sources. Type IIb ------ A fast-twitch fiber subdivision characterized by the most rapid shortening velocity and greatest anaerobic potential. Type IIc ------ A fast-twitch fiber that results from the ‘fusion’ of Type IIb with surrounding satellite cells. Size Principle of Fiber Recruitment ------ Principle stating that fibers with a high level of reliability are recruited first; those with lower levels of reliability are recruited last. All-or-none reaction ------ Concept stating that a unit is either completely relaxed or fully contracted; it is never partly contracted. Stretch reflex ------ A built-in protective function of the neuromuscular system in the muscle spindle. Proprioceptor ------ Specialized sensory receptors located in tendons and muscles sensitive to stretch, tension, and pressure. Anatomy ------ The science of the structure of the human body. Physiology ------ The science concerned with the normal vital processes of animal and vegetable organisms. ATP: Adenosine triphosphate ------ An energy-storing compound found in cells, which release energy when needed by the body. CP: Creatine phosphate ------ A high-energy phosphate molecule that is stored in cells and can be used to immediately resynthesize ATP. Creatine ------ Organic acid generally found in the muscle as phosphocreatine (creatine phosphate) that supplies energy for muscle contraction. Hypertrophy ------ An increase in the cross-sectional size of a muscle in response to strength training. Capillarization ------ An increase in size and number of tiny blood vessels surrounding cells. Hyperplasia ------ An increase in number of cells in a tissue or organ, excluding tumor formation, whereby bulk of the part or organ may be increased.
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