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Side A ------ Side B
Aztec Empire ------ Major state that developed in what is now Mexico in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; dominated by the seminomadic Mexica, who had migrated from northern Mexico
Benin ------ territorial state that emerged by the fifteenth century in southern Nigeria; ruled by a warrior king who consolidated his state through widespread conquest
Christopher Colombus ------ Genoese mariner commissioned by Spain to search for a new trading route to Asia; in 1492 he founded America instead
Seizure of Constantinople ------ 1453 = The capital and only outpost left of the Byzantine empire, fell to the Ottoman army of Sultan Mehmed II "the conquerer," marked the end of the Christian Byzantine empire
Vasco da Gama ------ Portuguese explorer whose 1497-1498 voyage was the first European venture to reach India by circling the tip of South Africa
Gunpowder Revolution ------ 1300 - 1650 = in which weapons that utilized gunpowder to fire projectiles gained a prominence in militaries throughout the world.  These gunpowder weapons gave those possessing them a distinct advantage over those without them, aiding in the frowth of numerous empires.
Hundred Years' War ------ 1337-1453: Major conflict between France and England over rival claims to territory in France; The two states' need to finance the war helped encourage their administrative development.
 ------ 
Inca Empire ------ The Western Hemisphere's largest imperial state in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries; built by a relatively small community of Quechua-speaking people (the Inca), the empire stretched some 2,500 miles along the Andes Mountains, which run nearly the entire length of the west coast of South America, and contained perhaps 10 million subjects
 ------ 
Malacca ------ Muslim port city that came to prominence on the waterway between Sumatra and Malaya in the fifteenth century C.E.; it was the springboard for the spread of a syncretic form of Islam throughout the region
Mexica ------ seminomadic people of northern Mexico who by 1325 had established themselves on a small island in Lake Texcoco, were they built their capital city, Tenochtitlan; the MExica were the central architects of the Aztec Empire
Ming Dynasty ------ 1368-1644 = chinese dynasty that succeeded the Yuan dynasty of the Mongols; noted for its return to traditional Chinese ways and restoration of the land after the destructiveness of the Mongols
Mughal Empire ------ One of the most successful empires of India, a state founded by an Islamized Turkic group that invaded India in 1526; the Mughals' rule was noted for their efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims
 ------ 
Ottoman Empire ------ Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa
Paleolithic persistence ------ the continuance of gathering and hunting societies in substantial areas of the world despite millenia of agricultural advance
European Renaissance ------ 1350 - 1500 = A "rebirth" of classical learning that is most often associated with the cultural blossoming of Italy that included not just a rediscovery of Greek learning but also major developments in art, as well as growing secularism in society
Safavid Empire ------ Major Turkic empire of Persia founded in the early sixteenth century, notable for its efforts to convert its populace to Shia Islam
Songhay Empire ------ Major Islamic of West Africa that formed in the second half of the fifteenth century.
 ------ 
Timur ------ Turkic warrior, (1336-1405) also known as Tamerlane, who effort to restore the Mongol Empire devastated much of Persia, Russia, and India
 ------ 
Zheng He ------ Great Chinese admiral (1371-1433) who commanded a fleet of more than 300 ships in a series of voyages of contact and exploration that began in 1405
Akbar ------ The most famous emperor of India's Mughal Empire (1556-1605); his poilicies are noted for their efforts at religious tolerance and inclusion
Aurangzeb ------ Mughal emperor (1658-1707) who reversed his predecessors' policies of religious tolerance and attempted to impose Islamic supremacy 
Columbian Exchange ------ The massive transatlantic interaction and exchange between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia that began in the period of European exploration and colonization
 ------ 
Constantinople, 1453 ------ Constantinople, the capital and almost only outpost left of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the army of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" in 1453, an even that marked the end of Christian Byzantium
Creoles ------ Spaniards born in the Americas
 ------ 
The "Great Dying" ------ term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas
Mercantilism ------ An economic theory that argues that governments best serve their states' economic interests by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion
Mestizo ------ Literally "mixed" a term used to describe mixed race population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas
Mughal Empire ------ One of the most successful empires of India, a state founded by Muslim Turks who invaded India in 1526; their rule was noted for efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims
Mulattoes ------ term commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood
Peninsulares ------ In the Spanish colonies of Latin America, the term used to refer to people who had been born in Spain; they claimed superiority over Spaniards born in the Americas
Plantation Complex ------ Agricultural system based on African slavery that was used in Brazil, the Caribbean, and the southern colones of North America
Qing Dynasty ------ Ruling dynasty of China from 1644 to 1912; the Qing rules were originally from Manchuria, which had conquered China
Settler Colonies ------ Colonies in which the colonizing people settled in large numbers, rather than simply spending relatively small numbers to exploit the region; particularly noteworthy in the case of the British colonies in North America
African Diaspora ------ name given to the spread of African peoples across the Atlantic via the salve trade
British/Dutch East India Companies ------ Private trading companies chartered by the governments of England and the Netherlands around 1600; they were given monopolies on Indian Ocean Trade, including the right to make war and to rule conquered peoples
Daimyo ------ Feudal lords of Japan who rules with virtual independence thanks to their bands of samurai warriors
 ------ 
Indian Ocean commercial network ------ The massive, interconnected web of commerce in premodern times between the lands that bordered on the Indian Ocean (including East Africa, India, and Southeast Asia); the network was badly disrupted by Portuguese intrusion beginning around 1500
Little Ice Age ------ A period of cooling temperatures and harsh winters that lasted for much of the early modern era
Manila ------ Capital of the Spanish phillipines and a major multicultural trade city that already had a population of more than 40,000 by 1600.
Middle Passage ------ Name commonly given to the journey across the Atlantic undertaken by African slaves being shipped to the Americas
 ------ 
Potosi ------ City that devloped high in the Andes (in present-day Bolivia) at the site of the world's largest silver mine and that became the largest city in the Americas, with a population of some 160,000 in the 1570s.
Samurai ------ the warrior elite of medieval Japan
Shogun ------ In Japan, a supreme military commander
"Silver Drain" ------ Term often used, along with "specie drain," to describe the siphoning of money from Europe to pay for the luxury products of the East, a process exacerbated by the fact that Europe had few trade goods that were desirable in Eastern markets; eventually, the bulk of the world's silver supply made it way to China
"Soft Gold" ------ Nickname used in the early modern period for animals furs, highly valued for their warmth and as symbols of elite status; in several regions, the fur trade generated massive wealth for those engaged in it
Spanish Phillipines ------ An archipelago of Pacific Islands colonized b Spain in a relatively bloodless process that extended for the century or so after 1565, a process accompanied by a major effort at evangelization; the Spanish named them the Phillipine Islands in honor of King Philip II of Spain
Tokugawa Shogunate ------ Military rulers of Japan who successfully unified Japanpolitically by the early seventeenth century and established "closed door" policy toward European encroachments
Trading Post Empire ------ Form of Imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples
 ------ 
Catholic Counter-Reformation ------ An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century; thanks especially to the work of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability
 ------ 
Council of Trent ------ The main instrument of the Catholic Counter-Reformation (1545-1563), at which the Catholic Church clarified doctrine and corrected abuses
Charles Darwin ------ Highly influential English biologist (1809-1882) whose theory of natural selection continues to be seen by many as a threat to revealed religious truth
Deism ------ Belief in a divine being who created the cosmos but who does not intervene directly in human affairs
European Enlightenment ------ European intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that applied the lessons of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry and the belief that knowledge could transform human society.
Sigmund Freud ------ Austrian doctor and the father of modern psychoanalysis (1856-1939); his theories about the operation of the human mind and emotions remain influential today
 ------ 
Huguenots ------ The Protestant minority in France
Jesuits in China ------ Series of Jesuit missionaries in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become a part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert the Chinese elite, although with limited success
Martin Luther ------ German priest and theologian (1483-1546) who inaugurated the Protestant Reformation movement in Europe
Karl Marx ------ German philosopher (1818-1883) whose view of human history as a class struggle, formed the basis of socialism
 ------ 
Guru Nanak ------ The founder of Sikhism
Isaac Newton ------ English natural scientist (1643-1727) whose formulation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution
Ninety-five Theses ------ List of ninety-five debating points about the abuses of the Church, posted by Martin Luther on the door of a church in Wittenberg in 1517; the Church's strong reaction eventually drove Luther to separate from Catholic Christianity
Protestant Reformation ------ Massive schism within Christianity that had its formal beginning in 1517 with the German priest Martin Luther; while the leaders of the movement claimed that they sought to "reform" a Church that had fallen from biblical practice, in reality the movement was radically innovative in its challenge to Church authority and its endorsement of salvation "by faith alone"
Scientific Revolution ------ Great
European intellectual and cultural transformation that was based on the
principles of the scientific method.
Sikhism ------ Religious
tradition of northern India
founded by Guru Nanak ca. 1500; combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and
proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women
Thirty Years' War ------ Highly
destructive war (1618–1648) that eventually included most of Europe; fought for
the most part between Protestants and Catholics, the conflict ended with the
Peace of Westphalia (1648).
Wahhabi Islam ------ Major
Islamic movement led by the Muslim theologian Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792) that
advocated an austere lifestyle and strict adherence to the sharia (Islamic law
Abolitionist Movement ------ An international movement that between approximately 1780
and 1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as morally repugnant and abolishing it
in much of the world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States.
 ------ 
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen ------ Document drawn up by the French National Assembly in 1789
that proclaimed the equal rights of all men; the declaration ideologically
launched the French Revolution.
Estates General ------ French representative assembly called into session by Louis
XVI to address pressing problems and out of which the French Revolution
emerged; the three estates were the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners.
French Revolution ------ Massive
dislocation of French society (1789–1815) that overthrew the monarchy,
destroyed most of the French aristocracy, and launched radical reforms of
society that were lost again, though only in part, under Napoleon’s imperial
rule and after the restoration of the monarchy
 ------ 
Haitian Revolution ------ The
only fully successful slave rebellion in world history; the uprising in the
French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue (later renamed Haiti) was sparked by
the French Revolution and led to the establishment of an independent state
after a long and bloody war (1791–1804).
Latin American Revolutions ------ Series of risings in the Spanish colonies of Latin America
(1810–1826) that established the independence of new states from Spanish rule
but that for the most part retained the privileges of the elites despite
efforts at more radical social rebellion by the lower classes.
Toussaint Louverture ------ First
leader of the Haitian Revolution, a former slave (1743–1803) who wrote the
first constitution of Haiti
and served as the first governor of the newly independent state
Maternal Feminism ------ Movement that claimed that women have value in society
not because of an abstract notion of equality but because women have a
distinctive and vital role as mothers; its exponents argued that women have the
right to intervene in civil and political life because of their duty to watch
over the future of their children
Napoleon Bonaparte ------ French head of state from 1799 until his abdication in 1814
(and again briefly in 1815); Napoleon preserved much of the French Revolution
under an autocratic system and was responsible for the spread of revolutionary
ideals through his conquest of much of Europe.
Nation ------ A
clearly defined territory whose people have a sense of common identity and
destiny, thanks to ties of blood, culture, language, or common experience.
Nationalism ------ The focusing of citizens’ loyalty on the notion that they
are part of a “nation” with a unique culture, territory, and destiny; first
became a prominent element of political culture in the nineteenth century.
North American Revolution ------ Successful
rebellion conducted by the colonists of parts of North America (not Canada)
against British rule (1775–1787); a conservative revolution whose success
assured property rights but established republican government in place of
monarchy.
 ------ 
The Terror ------ Term used to describe the revolutionary violence in France
in 1793–1794, when radicals under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre
executed tens of thousands of people deemed enemies of the revolution.
Third Estate ------ : In
prerevolutionary France, the term used for the 98 percent of the population
that was neither clerical nor noble, and for their representatives at the
Estates General; in 1789, the Third Estate declared itself a National Assembly
and launched the French Revolution
Bourgeoisie ------ Term
that Karl Marx used to describe the owners of industrial capital; originally
meant “townspeople.” 
British Royal Society ------ Association
of scientists established in England
in 1660 that was dedicated to the promotion of “useful knowledge.” 
Crimean War ------ Major
international conflict (1854–1856) in which British and French forces defeated
Russia; the defeat prompted reforms within Russia.
Dependent Development ------ Term used to describe Latin America’s
economic growth in the nineteenth century, which was largely financed by
foreign capital and dependent on European and North American prosperity and
decisions.
 ------ 
The Duma ------ The
elected representative assembly grudgingly created in Russia by Tsar
Nicholas II in response to the 1905 revolution.
Indian Cotton Textiles ------ For much of the eighteenth century, well-made and
inexpensive cotton textiles from India
flooded Western markets; the competition stimulated the British textile
industry to industrialize, which led to the eventual destruction of the Indian
textile market both in Europe and in India.
Industrial Revolution ------ Period
from 1750 to 1850 where changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining,
transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic
and cultural conditions of the times, propelling Western Europe into a position
of global dominance
Labour Party ------ British working-class political party established in the 1890s and dedicated to reforms and a peaceful transition to socialism, in time providing a viable alternative to the revolutionary emphasis of Marxism
Latin American export boom ------ Large-scale increase in Latin American exports (mostly raw
materials and foodstuffs) to industrializing countries in the second half of
the nineteenth century, made possible by major improvements in shipping; the
boom mostly benefited the upper and middle classes.
Lenin ------ Pen
name of Russian Bolshevik Vladimir Ulyanov (1870–1924), who was the main leader
of the Russian Revolution of 1917
lower middle class ------ Social stratum that
developed in Britain in the
nineteenth century and that consisted of people employed in the service sector
as clerks, salespeople, secretaries, police officers, and the like; by 1900,
this group comprised about 20 percent of Britain’s population.
Karl Marx ------ The most
influential proponent of socialism, Marx (1818–1883) was a German expatriate in
England who advocated working-class revolution as the key to creating an ideal
communist future.
 ------ 
Middle-class value ------ Belief
system typical of the middle class that developed in Britain in the nineteenth century;
it emphasized thrift, hard work, rigid moral behavior, cleanliness, and
“respectability.” 
Peter The Great  ------ Tsar
of Russia (r. 1689–1725) who attempted a massive reform of Russian society in
an effort to catch up with the states of Western Europe.
Populism ------ Late-nineteenth-century American political movement that
denounced corporate interests of all kinds.
Progressivism  ------ American
political movement in the period around 1900 that advocated reform measures to
correct the ills of industrialization.
Proletariat ------ Term
that Karl Marx used to describe the industrial working class; originally used
in ancient Rome
to describe the poorest part of the urban population
Russian Revolution of 1905 ------ Spontaneous rebellion that erupted in Russia after the country’s defeat at the hands
of Japan
in 1905; the revolution was suppressed, but it forced the government to make
substantial reforms.
Steam Engine ------ Mechanical device in which the steam from heated water
builds up pressure to drive a piston, rather than relying on human or animal
muscle power; the introduction of the steam engine allowed a hitherto
unimagined increase in productivity and made the Industrial Revolution
possible.
 ------ 
Boxer Rebellion ------ Rising of Chinese militia organizations in 1900 in which
large numbers of Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed.
China, 1911 ------ The collapse of China’s imperial order, officially
at the hands of organized revolutionaries but for the most part under the
weight of the troubles that had overwhelmed the government for the previous
half-century.
Daimyo ------ Feudal
lords of Japan
who retained substantial autonomy under the Tokugawa shogunate and only lost
their social preeminence in the Meiji restoration. 
Hong Xiuquan ------ Chinese
religious leader (1814–1864) who sparked the Taiping Uprising and won millions
to his unique form of Christianity, according to which he himself was the
younger brother of Jesus, sent to establish a “heavenly kingdom of great peace”
on earth
Informal Empire ------ Term commonly used to describe areas that were dominated by
Western powers in the nineteenth century but that retained their own
governments and a measure of independence, e.g., Latin America and China.
Meiji Restoration ------ The
overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan in 1868, restoring power at
long last to the emperor Meiji
Matthew Perry ------ U.S.
navy commodore who in 1853 presented the ultimatum that led Japan to open
itself to more normal relations with the outside world.
Opium Wars ------ Two wars fought between Western powers and China (1839–1842 and 1856–1858) after China tried to restrict the importation of
foreign goods, especially opium; China lost both wars and was forced
to make major concessions.
Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905 ------ Ending in a Japanese victory, this war established Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia and precipitated the Russian Revolution of
1905.
Samurai ------ Armed
retainers of the Japanese feudal lords, famed for their martial skills and
loyalty; in the Tokugawa shogunate, the samurai gradually became an
administrative elite, but they did not lose their special privileges until the
Meiji restoration
Self-strengthening movement ------ China’s program of internal reform in the 1860s and
1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited
borrowing from the West.
"The sick man of Europe" ------ Western Europe’s unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in
the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a name based on the sultans’
inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal
problems; it fails to recognize serious reform efforts in the Ottoman state
during this period.
Social Darwinism ------ An application of the concept of “survival of the fittest”
to human history in the nineteenth century.
Taiping Uprising ------ Massive
Chinese rebellion that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864; it
was based on the millenarian teachings of Hong Xiuquan. 
Tanzimat Reforms ------ Important
reform measures undertaken in the Ottoman Empire
beginning in 1839; the term “Tanzimat” means “reorgani-zation.” 
Tokugawa Shogunate ------ Rulers
of Japan
from 1600 to 1868. 
Unequal Treaties ------ Series of nineteenth-century treaties in which China made
major concessions to Western powers.
Young Ottomans ------ Group of would-be reformers in the mid-nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire that included lower-level officials,
military officers, and writers; they urged the extension of Westernizing
reforms to the political system.
Young Turks ------ :
Movement of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed ca. 1900,
eventually bringing down the Ottoman Empire.
The Armenian Genocide ------ The
systematic annihlation of 1.5 million indegenous Armenian population of Eastern
Turkey by the Committee of Union and Progress the dominant Young Turk political
party. The Genocide aimed at homogenization of Anatolia and the uprooting of
the Armenian Question
Africanization of Christianity ------ Process that occurred in non-Muslim Africa,
where millions who were converted to Christianity sought to maintain older
traditions alongside new Christian ideas; many converts continued using
protective charms and medicines and consulting local medicine men, and many
continued to believe in their old gods and spirits.
Apartheid ------ Afrikaans
term literally meaning “aparthood”; the system that developed in South Africa of
strictly limiting the social and political integration of whites and blacks.
Cash-crop agriculture  ------ Agricultural
production, often on a large scale, of crops for sale in the market, rather
than for consumption by the farmers themselves.
Colonial Racism ------ pattern
of European racism in their Asian and African colonies that created a great
racial divide between Europeans and the natives, and limited native access to
education and the civil service, based especially on pseudo-scientific notions
of naturally superior and inferior races
Colonial Tribalism ------ A European tendency, especially in African colonies, to
identify and sometimes invent distinct “tribes” that had often not existed
before, reinforcing European notions that African societies were primitive.
Congo Free State/Leopold II ------ Leopold II was king of Belgium
from 1865 to 1909; his rule as private owner of the Congo Free State during
much of that time is typically held up as the worst abuse of Europe’s
second wave of colonization, resulting as it did in millions of deaths.
Cultivation System ------ System of forced labor
used in the Netherlands East Indies in the nineteenth century; peasants were
required to cultivate at least 20 percent of their land in cash crops, such as
sugar or coffee, for sale at low and fixed prices to government contractors,
who then earned enormous profits from further sale of the crops.
Eurocentrism ------ A
term with its roots in European colonialism and imperialism that emphasizes
viewing the world from a European perspective. Despite being influence by other
cultures, it often seeks to show the superiority of Western customs over those
of analagous cultures.
Indian Rebellion, 1857-1858 ------ Massive uprising of much of India against British rule;
also called the Indian Mutiny or the Sepoy Mutiny from the fact that the
rebellion first broke out among Indian troops in British employ.
Informal Empire ------ Term commonly
used to describe areas such as Latin America and China that were dominated by
Western powers in the nineteenth century but that retained their own
governments and a measure of independence.
 ------ 
Scramble for Africa ------ Name used for the process of the European countries’
partition of the continent of Africa between
themselves in the period 1875–1900.
Western-educated Elite ------ The main beneficiaries
in Asian and African lands colonized by Western powers; schooled in the
imperial power’s language and practices, they moved into their country’s
professional classes but ultimately led anticolonial movements as they grew
discouraged by their inability to win equal status to the colonizers.
European Economic Community ------ :
The EEC (also known as the Common Market) was an alliance formed by Italy,
France, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg in 1957 and
dedicated to developing common trade policies and reduced tariffs; it gradually
developed into the European Union.
European Union ------ The final step in a series of arrangements to increase
cooperation between European states in the wake of World War II; the EU was
formally established in 1994, and twelve of its members adopted a common
currency in 2002.
Fascism ------ ideology
marked by its intense nationalism and authoritarianism; its name is derived
from the fasces that were the symbol of magistrates in ancient Rome
Fourteen Points ------ Plan of U.S. president Woodrow Wilson to establish lasting
peace at the end of World War I; although Wilson’s views were popular in
Europe, his vision largely failed.
Franco-Prussian War ------ German
war with France (1870–1871)
that ended with the defeat of France
and the unification of Germany
into a single state under Prussian rule.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand ------ Heir to the Austrian throne whose assassination by a
Serbian nationalist on June 28, 1914, was the spark that ignited World War I.
Great Depression ------ Worldwide economic depression that began in 1929 with the New York stock market
crash and continued in many areas until the outbreak of World War II.
Great War ------ Name originally
given to the First World War (1914–1918).
Adolf Hitler ------ Leader of the
German Nazi Party (1889–1945) and Germany’s head of state from 1933
until his death.
Holocaust ------ Name
commonly used for the Nazi genocide of Jews and other “undesirables” in German
society; Jews themselves prefer the term Shoah, which means “catastrophe,”
rather than Holocaust (“offering” or “sacrifice”).
Kristallnacht ------ Literally,
“crystal night”; name given to the night of November 9, 1938, when Nazi-led
gangs smashed and looted Jewish shops throughout Germany. 
League of Nations ------ International peacekeeping organization created after World
War I; first proposed by U.S. president Woodrow Wilson as part of his Fourteen
Points.
Marshall Plan ------ Huge
U.S. government initiative
to aid in the post–World War II restoration of Europe that was masterminded by U.S. secretary
of state George Marshall and put into effect in 1947
Benito Mussolini ------ leader
of the Italian fascist party (1883–1945) who came to power in 1922
Rape of Nanjing ------ The
Japanese army’s systematic killing, mutilation, and rape of the Chinese
civilian population of Nanjing
in 1938. 
NATO ------ North
Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military and political alliance founded in 1949
that committed the United States to the defense of Europe in the event of Soviet
aggression
Nazi Germany ------ Germany as ruled by Hitler and the Nazi Party from 1933 to
1945, a fascist state dedicated to extreme nationalism, territorial expansion,
and the purification of the German state.
Nazi Party ------ Properly known as the National Socialist Democratic
Workers’ Party, the Nazi party was founded in Germany shortly after World War I
and advocated a strongly authoritarian and nationalist regime based on notions
of racial superiority.
New Deal ------ A
series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933
and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.
Nuremberg Laws ------ Series of laws passed by the Nazi-dominated German
parliament in 1935 that forbade sexual relations between Jews and other Germans
and mandated that Jews identify themselves in public by wearing the Star of
David.
Revolutionary Right (Japan) ------ Also known as Radical Nationalism, this was a movement in
Japanese political life ca. 1930–1945 that was marked by extreme nationalism, a
commitment to elite leadership focused around the emperor, and dedication to
foreign expansion.
Total War ------ : War that
requires each country involved to mobilize its entire population in the effort
to defeat the enemy.
Treaty of Versailles ------ 1919
treaty that officially ended World War I; the immense penalties it placed on Germany are
regarded as one of the causes of World War II
Triple Alliance ------ An
alliance consisting of Germany,
Austria, and Italy that was
one of the two rival European alliances on the eve of World War I
Triple Etente ------ An
alliance consisting of Russia,
France, and Britain that
was one of the two rival European alliances on the eve of World War I.
United Nations ------ International peacekeeping organization and forum for
international opinion, established in 1945.
Weimar Republic ------ The
weak government that replaced the German imperial state at the end of World War
I; its failure to take strong action against war reparations and the Great
Depression provided an opportunity for the Nazi Party’s rise to power.
Woodrow Wilson ------ President of the United States from 1913 to 1921 who was
especially noted for his idealistic approach to the end of World War I, which
included advocacy of his Fourteen Points intended to regulate future
international dealings and a League of Nations
to enforce a new international order. Although his vision largely failed, Wilson was widely
respected for his views.
World War I ------ The “Great War” (1914–1918), in essence a European civil
war with global implications that was marked by massive casualties, the
expansion of offensive military technology beyond tactics and means of defense,
and a great deal of disillusionment with the whole idea of “progress.” 
World War II in Asia ------ A struggle essentially to halt Japanese imperial expansion
in Asia, fought by the Japanese against
primarily Chinese and American foes.
World War II in Europe ------ A struggle essentially to halt German imperial expansion in
Europe, fought by a coalition of allies that included Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States.

 
Berlin Wall ------ Wall constructed by East German authorities in 1961 to seal
off East Berlin from the West; it was breached
on November 9, 1989.
Bolsheviks ------ Russian
revolutionary party led by Vladimir Lenin and later renamed the Communist
Party; the name “Bolshevik” means “the majority.” 
Building Socialism ------ Euphemistic expression for the often-forcible
transformation of society when a communist regime came to power in a state.
Fidel Castro ------ Revolutionary
leader of Cuba
from 1959 to 2008 who gradually turned to Soviet communism and engendered some
of the worst crises of the cold war
Chinese Revolution ------ Long revolutionary process in the period 1912–1949 that
began with the overthrow of the Chinese imperial system and ended with the
triumph of the Communist Party under the leadership of Mao Zedong.
Cold War ------ Political
and ideological state of near-war between the Western world and the communist
world that lasted from 1946 to 1991
Collectivization ------ : Process of
rural reform undertaken by the communist leadership of both the USSR and China in which private property
rights were abolished and peasants were forced onto larger and more
industrialized farms to work and share the proceeds as a community rather than
as individuals.
Cuban Missile Crisis ------ Major standoff between the United States and the Soviet
Union in 1962 over Soviet deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba; the
confrontation ended in compromise, with the USSR removing its missiles in
exchange for the United States agreeing not to invade Cuba.
Cultural Revolution ------ China’s
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution was a massive campaign launched by Mao
Zedong in the mid-1960s to combat the capitalist tendencies that he believed
reached into even the highest ranks of the Communist Party; the campaign threw China
into chaos.
Deng Xiaoping ------ Leader
of China
from 1976 to 1997 whose reforms essentially dismantled the communist elements
of the Chinese economy
Glasnost ------ Mikhail
Gorbachev’s policy of “openness,” which allowed greater cultural and
intellectual freedom and ended most censorship of the media; the result was a
burst of awareness of the problems and corruption of the Soviet system.
Mikhail Gorbachev ------ Leader
of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991 whose efforts to reform the USSR led to its
collapse. 
Great Leap Forward ------ Major
Chinese initiative (1958–1960) led by Mao Zedong that was intended to promote
small-scale industrialization and increase knowledge of technology; in reality,
it caused a major crisis and exacerbated the impact of a devastating famine.
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution ------ Mao
Zedong’s great effort in the mid-1960s to weed out capitalist tendencies that
he believed had developed in China.
Great Purges ------ Also
called the Terror, the Great Purges of the late 1930s were a massive attempt to
cleanse the Soviet Union of supposed “enemies
of the people”; nearly a million people were executed between 1936 and 1941,
and 4 million or 5 million more were sentenced to forced labor in the gulag.
Gulag ------ Acronym
for the Soviet government agency that administered forced labor camps
Guomindang ------ The
Chinese Nationalist Party led by Chiang Kai-shek from 1928 until its overthrow
by the communists in 1949. 
Nikita Khrushchev ------ Leader
of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964
Lenin ------ Adopted name of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (1870–1924), the
main leader of Russia’s
communist revolution and head of the Soviet state from 1917 until his death.
Mao Zedong ------  Chairman of China’s
Communist Party and de facto ruler of China from 1949 until his death in
1976
McCarthyism ------ Wave
of anticommunist fear and persecution that took place in the United States
in the 1950s
Natinoal Security State ------ Form
of government that arose in the United
  States in response to the cold war and in
which defense and intelligence agencies gained great power and power in general
came to be focused in the executive branch.
Perestroika ------ Bold
economic program launched in 1987 by Mikhail Gorbachev with the intention of
freeing up Soviet industry and businesses
Russian Revolution  ------ Massive
revolutionary upheaval in 1917 that overthrew the Romanov dynasty in Russia and
ended with the seizure of power by communists under the leadership of Lenin.
Stalin ------ Name
assumed by Joseph Vissarionovich Jugashvili (1878–1953), leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death; “Stalin” means
“made of steel.” 
Warsaw Pact ------ alliance
of the USSR and the
communist states of Eastern Europe during the
cold war.
African National Congress ------ South African political party established in 1912 by elite
Africans who sought to win full acceptance in colonial society; it only
gradually became a popular movement that came to control the government in
1994.
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk ------ Founder
and first president of the Republic of
Turkey (1881–1938); as military
commander and leader of the Turkish national movement, he made Turkey into a
secular state.
Black Consciousness  ------ South African movement that sought to foster pride, unity,
and political awareness among the country’s African majority and often resorted
to violent protest against white minority rule.
Boers ------ Also known as Afrikaners, the sector of the white
population of South Africa
that was descended from early Dutch settlers
Decolonization  ------ Process
in which many African and Asian states won their independence from Western
colonial rule, in most cases by negotiated settlement with gradual political
reforms and a program of investment rather than through military confrontation
Democracy in Africa ------ A
subject of debate among scholars, the democracies established in the wake of
decolonization in Africa proved to be fragile and often fell to military coups
or were taken over by single-party authoritarian systems; Africa’s initial
rejection of democracy has sometimes been taken as a sign that Africans were
not ready for democratic politics or that traditional African culture did not
support it
Economic development ------ A process of growth or increasing production and the
distribution of the proceeds of that growth to raise living standards; nearly
universal desire for economic development in the second half of the twentieth
century reflected a central belief that poverty was no longer inevitable.
Mohandas Gandhi ------ Usually
referred to by his soubriquet “Mahatma” (Great Soul), Gandhi (1869–1948) was a
political leader and the undoubted spiritual leader of the Indian drive for
independence from Great
  Britain.
Indian National Congress ------ Organization
established in 1885 by Western-educated elite Indians in an effort to win a
voice in the governance of India;
over time, the INC became a major popular movement that won India’s independence from Britain.
Muhammad Aku Jinnah ------ Leader
of India’s All-India Muslim
League and first president of the breakaway state of Pakistan (1876–1948
Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini  ------ Important
Shia ayattolah (advanced scholar of Islamic law and religion) who became the
leader of Iran’s Islamic
revolution and ruled Iran
from 1979 until his death in 1989
Nelson Mandela ------ South African nationalist (b. 1918) and leader of the
African National Congress who was imprisoned for twenty-seven years on charges
of treason, sabotage, and conspiracy to overthrow the apartheid government of
South Africa; he was elected president of South Africa in 1994, four years
after he was finally released from prison.
Muslim League ------ The All-India Muslim League, created in 1906, was a
response to the Indian National Congress in India’s
struggle for independence from Britain;
the League’s leader, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, argued that regions of India with a Muslim majority should form a
separate state called Pakistan.


Jawaharlal Nehru ------ first
prime minister of independent India
(1889–1964)
 ------ 
Satyagraha ------ Literally,
“truth force”; Mahatma Gandhi’s political philosophy, which advocated
confrontational but nonviolent political action
Soweto ------ Impoverished
black neighborhood outside Johannesburg,
 South Africa,
and the site of a violent uprising in 1976 in which hundreds were killed; that
rebellion began a series of violent protests and strikes that helped end
apartheid
al-Qaeda ------ International
terrorist organization of fundamentalist Islamic militants, headed by Osama bin
Laden
Antiglobalization ------ Major
international movement that protests the development of the global economy on
the grounds that it makes the rich richer and keeps poor regions in poverty
while exploiting their labor and environments; the movement burst onto the
world stage in 1999 with massive protests at a meeting of the World Trade
Organization in Seattle
Osama bin Laden ------ The leader of al-Qaeda terrorist organization, a wealthy
Saudi Arabian who turned to militant fundamentalism. (pron. oh-ZAHM-ah bin LAWD-n) responsible for the 9/11 terrorist
attacks that included the Twin Towers. 
Bretton Woods System ------ Named for a conference held at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire,
in 1944, this system provided the foundation for postwar economic
globalization, including the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund;
based on the promotion of free trade, stable currencies, and high levels of
capital investment.
Environmentalism ------ Twentieth-century movement to preserve the natural world in
the face of spiraling human ability to alter the world environment.
Fundamentalism  ------ Occurring
within all the major world religions, fundamentalism is a self-proclaimed
return to the “fundamentals” of a religion and is marked by a militant piety
and exclusivism
Globalization  ------ Term commonly used to refer to the massive growth in
international economic transactions from around 1950 to the present.
Global Warming ------ A worldwide scientific consensus that the increased burning
of fossil fuels and the loss of trees have begun to warm the earth’s atmosphere
artificially and significantly, causing climate change and leading to possibly
catastrophic results if the problem is not addressed.
Che Guevara ------ Ernesto
“Che” Guevara was an Argentine-born revolutionary (1928–1967) who waged
guerrilla war in an effort to remedy Latin America’s and Africa’s
social and economic ills. 
Hindutva ------ Fundamentalist
Hindu movement that became politically important in India in the 1980s by advocating a
distinct Hindu identity and decrying government efforts to accommodate other
faith groups
Islamic Renewal ------ Large
number of movements in Islamic lands that promote a return to strict adherence
to the Quran and the sharia in opposition to key elements of Western culture
Jihad ------ Term
used by modern militant Islamic groups to denote not just the “struggle” or
“striving” that the word originally meant but also the defense of authentic
Islam against Western aggression. 
Kyoto protocol on global warming ------ International
agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in an effort to slow global
warming; as of November 2007, 174 countries had subscribed to the agreement,
but the United States’
refusal to ratify the protocol has caused international tensions
neo-liberalism  ------ An approach to the world economy, developed in the 1970s,
that favored reduced tariffs, the free movement of capital, a mobile and
temporary workforce, the privatization of industry, and the curtailing of
government efforts to regulate the economy.
North/South gap ------ Growing disparity between the Global North and the Global
South that appears to be exacerbated by current world trade practices.
Augusto Pinochet ------ Military
dictator of Chile
from 1973 to 1990 who was known for his widespread use of torture and for
liquidating thousands of opponents of his regime
Prague Spring ------ Sweeping series of reforms instituted by communist leader
Alexander Dubcek in Czechoslovakia
in 1968; the movement was subsequently crushed by a Soviet invasion.
Reglobalization  ------ The
quickening of global economic transactions after World War II, which resulted
in total world output returning to the levels established before the Great
Depression and moving beyond them
Religious right ------ The fundamentalist phenomenon as it appeared in U.S. politics
in the 1970s.
second-wave feminism ------ Women’s rights movement that revived in the 1960s with a
different agenda than earlier women’s suffrage movements; second-wave feminists
demanded equal rights for women in employment and education, women’s right to
control their own bodies, and the end of patriarchal domination.
World Trade Organization ------ International body representing 149 nations that negotiates
the rules for global commerce and is dedicated to the promotion of free trade.

Side A ------ Side B
Aztec Empire ------ Major state that developed in what is now Mexico in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; dominated by the seminomadic Mexica, who had migrated from northern Mexico
Benin ------ territorial state that emerged by the fifteenth century in southern Nigeria; ruled by a warrior king who consolidated his state through widespread conquest
Christopher Colombus ------ Genoese mariner commissioned by Spain to search for a new trading route to Asia; in 1492 he founded America instead
Seizure of Constantinople ------ 1453 = The capital and only outpost left of the Byzantine empire, fell to the Ottoman army of Sultan Mehmed II "the conquerer," marked the end of the Christian Byzantine empire
Vasco da Gama ------ Portuguese explorer whose 1497-1498 voyage was the first European venture to reach India by circling the tip of South Africa
Gunpowder Revolution ------ 1300 - 1650 = in which weapons that utilized gunpowder to fire projectiles gained a prominence in militaries throughout the world.  These gunpowder weapons gave those possessing them a distinct advantage over those without them, aiding in the frowth of numerous empires.
Hundred Years' War ------ 1337-1453: Major conflict between France and England over rival claims to territory in France; The two states' need to finance the war helped encourage their administrative development.
 ------ 
Inca Empire ------ The Western Hemisphere's largest imperial state in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries; built by a relatively small community of Quechua-speaking people (the Inca), the empire stretched some 2,500 miles along the Andes Mountains, which run nearly the entire length of the west coast of South America, and contained perhaps 10 million subjects
 ------ 
Malacca ------ Muslim port city that came to prominence on the waterway between Sumatra and Malaya in the fifteenth century C.E.; it was the springboard for the spread of a syncretic form of Islam throughout the region
Mexica ------ seminomadic people of northern Mexico who by 1325 had established themselves on a small island in Lake Texcoco, were they built their capital city, Tenochtitlan; the MExica were the central architects of the Aztec Empire
Ming Dynasty ------ 1368-1644 = chinese dynasty that succeeded the Yuan dynasty of the Mongols; noted for its return to traditional Chinese ways and restoration of the land after the destructiveness of the Mongols
Mughal Empire ------ One of the most successful empires of India, a state founded by an Islamized Turkic group that invaded India in 1526; the Mughals' rule was noted for their efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims
 ------ 
Ottoman Empire ------ Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa
Paleolithic persistence ------ the continuance of gathering and hunting societies in substantial areas of the world despite millenia of agricultural advance
European Renaissance ------ 1350 - 1500 = A "rebirth" of classical learning that is most often associated with the cultural blossoming of Italy that included not just a rediscovery of Greek learning but also major developments in art, as well as growing secularism in society
Safavid Empire ------ Major Turkic empire of Persia founded in the early sixteenth century, notable for its efforts to convert its populace to Shia Islam
Songhay Empire ------ Major Islamic of West Africa that formed in the second half of the fifteenth century.
 ------ 
Timur ------ Turkic warrior, (1336-1405) also known as Tamerlane, who effort to restore the Mongol Empire devastated much of Persia, Russia, and India
 ------ 
Zheng He ------ Great Chinese admiral (1371-1433) who commanded a fleet of more than 300 ships in a series of voyages of contact and exploration that began in 1405
Akbar ------ The most famous emperor of India's Mughal Empire (1556-1605); his poilicies are noted for their efforts at religious tolerance and inclusion
Aurangzeb ------ Mughal emperor (1658-1707) who reversed his predecessors' policies of religious tolerance and attempted to impose Islamic supremacy 
Columbian Exchange ------ The massive transatlantic interaction and exchange between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia that began in the period of European exploration and colonization
 ------ 
Constantinople, 1453 ------ Constantinople, the capital and almost only outpost left of the Byzantine Empire, fell to the army of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" in 1453, an even that marked the end of Christian Byzantium
Creoles ------ Spaniards born in the Americas
 ------ 
The "Great Dying" ------ term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas
Mercantilism ------ An economic theory that argues that governments best serve their states' economic interests by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion
Mestizo ------ Literally "mixed" a term used to describe mixed race population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas
Mughal Empire ------ One of the most successful empires of India, a state founded by Muslim Turks who invaded India in 1526; their rule was noted for efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims
Mulattoes ------ term commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood
Peninsulares ------ In the Spanish colonies of Latin America, the term used to refer to people who had been born in Spain; they claimed superiority over Spaniards born in the Americas
Plantation Complex ------ Agricultural system based on African slavery that was used in Brazil, the Caribbean, and the southern colones of North America
Qing Dynasty ------ Ruling dynasty of China from 1644 to 1912; the Qing rules were originally from Manchuria, which had conquered China
Settler Colonies ------ Colonies in which the colonizing people settled in large numbers, rather than simply spending relatively small numbers to exploit the region; particularly noteworthy in the case of the British colonies in North America
African Diaspora ------ name given to the spread of African peoples across the Atlantic via the salve trade
British/Dutch East India Companies ------ Private trading companies chartered by the governments of England and the Netherlands around 1600; they were given monopolies on Indian Ocean Trade, including the right to make war and to rule conquered peoples
Daimyo ------ Feudal lords of Japan who rules with virtual independence thanks to their bands of samurai warriors
 ------ 
Indian Ocean commercial network ------ The massive, interconnected web of commerce in premodern times between the lands that bordered on the Indian Ocean (including East Africa, India, and Southeast Asia); the network was badly disrupted by Portuguese intrusion beginning around 1500
Little Ice Age ------ A period of cooling temperatures and harsh winters that lasted for much of the early modern era
Manila ------ Capital of the Spanish phillipines and a major multicultural trade city that already had a population of more than 40,000 by 1600.
Middle Passage ------ Name commonly given to the journey across the Atlantic undertaken by African slaves being shipped to the Americas
 ------ 
Potosi ------ City that devloped high in the Andes (in present-day Bolivia) at the site of the world's largest silver mine and that became the largest city in the Americas, with a population of some 160,000 in the 1570s.
Samurai ------ the warrior elite of medieval Japan
Shogun ------ In Japan, a supreme military commander
"Silver Drain" ------ Term often used, along with "specie drain," to describe the siphoning of money from Europe to pay for the luxury products of the East, a process exacerbated by the fact that Europe had few trade goods that were desirable in Eastern markets; eventually, the bulk of the world's silver supply made it way to China
"Soft Gold" ------ Nickname used in the early modern period for animals furs, highly valued for their warmth and as symbols of elite status; in several regions, the fur trade generated massive wealth for those engaged in it
Spanish Phillipines ------ An archipelago of Pacific Islands colonized b Spain in a relatively bloodless process that extended for the century or so after 1565, a process accompanied by a major effort at evangelization; the Spanish named them the Phillipine Islands in honor of King Philip II of Spain
Tokugawa Shogunate ------ Military rulers of Japan who successfully unified Japanpolitically by the early seventeenth century and established "closed door" policy toward European encroachments
Trading Post Empire ------ Form of Imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples
 ------ 
Catholic Counter-Reformation ------ An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century; thanks especially to the work of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability
 ------ 
Council of Trent ------ The main instrument of the Catholic Counter-Reformation (1545-1563), at which the Catholic Church clarified doctrine and corrected abuses
Charles Darwin ------ Highly influential English biologist (1809-1882) whose theory of natural selection continues to be seen by many as a threat to revealed religious truth
Deism ------ Belief in a divine being who created the cosmos but who does not intervene directly in human affairs
European Enlightenment ------ European intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that applied the lessons of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry and the belief that knowledge could transform human society.
Sigmund Freud ------ Austrian doctor and the father of modern psychoanalysis (1856-1939); his theories about the operation of the human mind and emotions remain influential today
 ------ 
Huguenots ------ The Protestant minority in France
Jesuits in China ------ Series of Jesuit missionaries in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become a part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert the Chinese elite, although with limited success
Martin Luther ------ German priest and theologian (1483-1546) who inaugurated the Protestant Reformation movement in Europe
Karl Marx ------ German philosopher (1818-1883) whose view of human history as a class struggle, formed the basis of socialism
 ------ 
Guru Nanak ------ The founder of Sikhism
Isaac Newton ------ English natural scientist (1643-1727) whose formulation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution
Ninety-five Theses ------ List of ninety-five debating points about the abuses of the Church, posted by Martin Luther on the door of a church in Wittenberg in 1517; the Church's strong reaction eventually drove Luther to separate from Catholic Christianity
Protestant Reformation ------ Massive schism within Christianity that had its formal beginning in 1517 with the German priest Martin Luther; while the leaders of the movement claimed that they sought to "reform" a Church that had fallen from biblical practice, in reality the movement was radically innovative in its challenge to Church authority and its endorsement of salvation "by faith alone"
Scientific Revolution ------ Great
European intellectual and cultural transformation that was based on the
principles of the scientific method.
Sikhism ------ Religious
tradition of northern India
founded by Guru Nanak ca. 1500; combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and
proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women
Thirty Years' War ------ Highly
destructive war (1618–1648) that eventually included most of Europe; fought for
the most part between Protestants and Catholics, the conflict ended with the
Peace of Westphalia (1648).
Wahhabi Islam ------ Major
Islamic movement led by the Muslim theologian Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792) that
advocated an austere lifestyle and strict adherence to the sharia (Islamic law
Abolitionist Movement ------ An international movement that between approximately 1780
and 1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as morally repugnant and abolishing it
in much of the world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States.
 ------ 
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen ------ Document drawn up by the French National Assembly in 1789
that proclaimed the equal rights of all men; the declaration ideologically
launched the French Revolution.
Estates General ------ French representative assembly called into session by Louis
XVI to address pressing problems and out of which the French Revolution
emerged; the three estates were the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners.
French Revolution ------ Massive
dislocation of French society (1789–1815) that overthrew the monarchy,
destroyed most of the French aristocracy, and launched radical reforms of
society that were lost again, though only in part, under Napoleon’s imperial
rule and after the restoration of the monarchy
 ------ 
Haitian Revolution ------ The
only fully successful slave rebellion in world history; the uprising in the
French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue (later renamed Haiti) was sparked by
the French Revolution and led to the establishment of an independent state
after a long and bloody war (1791–1804).
Latin American Revolutions ------ Series of risings in the Spanish colonies of Latin America
(1810–1826) that established the independence of new states from Spanish rule
but that for the most part retained the privileges of the elites despite
efforts at more radical social rebellion by the lower classes.
Toussaint Louverture ------ First
leader of the Haitian Revolution, a former slave (1743–1803) who wrote the
first constitution of Haiti
and served as the first governor of the newly independent state
Maternal Feminism ------ Movement that claimed that women have value in society
not because of an abstract notion of equality but because women have a
distinctive and vital role as mothers; its exponents argued that women have the
right to intervene in civil and political life because of their duty to watch
over the future of their children
Napoleon Bonaparte ------ French head of state from 1799 until his abdication in 1814
(and again briefly in 1815); Napoleon preserved much of the French Revolution
under an autocratic system and was responsible for the spread of revolutionary
ideals through his conquest of much of Europe.
Nation ------ A
clearly defined territory whose people have a sense of common identity and
destiny, thanks to ties of blood, culture, language, or common experience.
Nationalism ------ The focusing of citizens’ loyalty on the notion that they
are part of a “nation” with a unique culture, territory, and destiny; first
became a prominent element of political culture in the nineteenth century.
North American Revolution ------ Successful
rebellion conducted by the colonists of parts of North America (not Canada)
against British rule (1775–1787); a conservative revolution whose success
assured property rights but established republican government in place of
monarchy.
 ------ 
The Terror ------ Term used to describe the revolutionary violence in France
in 1793–1794, when radicals under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre
executed tens of thousands of people deemed enemies of the revolution.
Third Estate ------ : In
prerevolutionary France, the term used for the 98 percent of the population
that was neither clerical nor noble, and for their representatives at the
Estates General; in 1789, the Third Estate declared itself a National Assembly
and launched the French Revolution
Bourgeoisie ------ Term
that Karl Marx used to describe the owners of industrial capital; originally
meant “townspeople.” 
British Royal Society ------ Association
of scientists established in England
in 1660 that was dedicated to the promotion of “useful knowledge.” 
Crimean War ------ Major
international conflict (1854–1856) in which British and French forces defeated
Russia; the defeat prompted reforms within Russia.
Dependent Development ------ Term used to describe Latin America’s
economic growth in the nineteenth century, which was largely financed by
foreign capital and dependent on European and North American prosperity and
decisions.
 ------ 
The Duma ------ The
elected representative assembly grudgingly created in Russia by Tsar
Nicholas II in response to the 1905 revolution.
Indian Cotton Textiles ------ For much of the eighteenth century, well-made and
inexpensive cotton textiles from India
flooded Western markets; the competition stimulated the British textile
industry to industrialize, which led to the eventual destruction of the Indian
textile market both in Europe and in India.
Industrial Revolution ------ Period
from 1750 to 1850 where changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining,
transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic
and cultural conditions of the times, propelling Western Europe into a position
of global dominance
Labour Party ------ British working-class political party established in the 1890s and dedicated to reforms and a peaceful transition to socialism, in time providing a viable alternative to the revolutionary emphasis of Marxism
Latin American export boom ------ Large-scale increase in Latin American exports (mostly raw
materials and foodstuffs) to industrializing countries in the second half of
the nineteenth century, made possible by major improvements in shipping; the
boom mostly benefited the upper and middle classes.
Lenin ------ Pen
name of Russian Bolshevik Vladimir Ulyanov (1870–1924), who was the main leader
of the Russian Revolution of 1917
lower middle class ------ Social stratum that
developed in Britain in the
nineteenth century and that consisted of people employed in the service sector
as clerks, salespeople, secretaries, police officers, and the like; by 1900,
this group comprised about 20 percent of Britain’s population.
Karl Marx ------ The most
influential proponent of socialism, Marx (1818–1883) was a German expatriate in
England who advocated working-class revolution as the key to creating an ideal
communist future.
 ------ 
Middle-class value ------ Belief
system typical of the middle class that developed in Britain in the nineteenth century;
it emphasized thrift, hard work, rigid moral behavior, cleanliness, and
“respectability.” 
Peter The Great  ------ Tsar
of Russia (r. 1689–1725) who attempted a massive reform of Russian society in
an effort to catch up with the states of Western Europe.
Populism ------ Late-nineteenth-century American political movement that
denounced corporate interests of all kinds.
Progressivism  ------ American
political movement in the period around 1900 that advocated reform measures to
correct the ills of industrialization.
Proletariat ------ Term
that Karl Marx used to describe the industrial working class; originally used
in ancient Rome
to describe the poorest part of the urban population
Russian Revolution of 1905 ------ Spontaneous rebellion that erupted in Russia after the country’s defeat at the hands
of Japan
in 1905; the revolution was suppressed, but it forced the government to make
substantial reforms.
Steam Engine ------ Mechanical device in which the steam from heated water
builds up pressure to drive a piston, rather than relying on human or animal
muscle power; the introduction of the steam engine allowed a hitherto
unimagined increase in productivity and made the Industrial Revolution
possible.
 ------ 
Boxer Rebellion ------ Rising of Chinese militia organizations in 1900 in which
large numbers of Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed.
China, 1911 ------ The collapse of China’s imperial order, officially
at the hands of organized revolutionaries but for the most part under the
weight of the troubles that had overwhelmed the government for the previous
half-century.
Daimyo ------ Feudal
lords of Japan
who retained substantial autonomy under the Tokugawa shogunate and only lost
their social preeminence in the Meiji restoration. 
Hong Xiuquan ------ Chinese
religious leader (1814–1864) who sparked the Taiping Uprising and won millions
to his unique form of Christianity, according to which he himself was the
younger brother of Jesus, sent to establish a “heavenly kingdom of great peace”
on earth
Informal Empire ------ Term commonly used to describe areas that were dominated by
Western powers in the nineteenth century but that retained their own
governments and a measure of independence, e.g., Latin America and China.
Meiji Restoration ------ The
overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan in 1868, restoring power at
long last to the emperor Meiji
Matthew Perry ------ U.S.
navy commodore who in 1853 presented the ultimatum that led Japan to open
itself to more normal relations with the outside world.
Opium Wars ------ Two wars fought between Western powers and China (1839–1842 and 1856–1858) after China tried to restrict the importation of
foreign goods, especially opium; China lost both wars and was forced
to make major concessions.
Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905 ------ Ending in a Japanese victory, this war established Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia and precipitated the Russian Revolution of
1905.
Samurai ------ Armed
retainers of the Japanese feudal lords, famed for their martial skills and
loyalty; in the Tokugawa shogunate, the samurai gradually became an
administrative elite, but they did not lose their special privileges until the
Meiji restoration
Self-strengthening movement ------ China’s program of internal reform in the 1860s and
1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited
borrowing from the West.
"The sick man of Europe" ------ Western Europe’s unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in
the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a name based on the sultans’
inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal
problems; it fails to recognize serious reform efforts in the Ottoman state
during this period.
Social Darwinism ------ An application of the concept of “survival of the fittest”
to human history in the nineteenth century.
Taiping Uprising ------ Massive
Chinese rebellion that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864; it
was based on the millenarian teachings of Hong Xiuquan. 
Tanzimat Reforms ------ Important
reform measures undertaken in the Ottoman Empire
beginning in 1839; the term “Tanzimat” means “reorgani-zation.” 
Tokugawa Shogunate ------ Rulers
of Japan
from 1600 to 1868. 
Unequal Treaties ------ Series of nineteenth-century treaties in which China made
major concessions to Western powers.
Young Ottomans ------ Group of would-be reformers in the mid-nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire that included lower-level officials,
military officers, and writers; they urged the extension of Westernizing
reforms to the political system.
Young Turks ------ :
Movement of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed ca. 1900,
eventually bringing down the Ottoman Empire.
The Armenian Genocide ------ The
systematic annihlation of 1.5 million indegenous Armenian population of Eastern
Turkey by the Committee of Union and Progress the dominant Young Turk political
party. The Genocide aimed at homogenization of Anatolia and the uprooting of
the Armenian Question
Africanization of Christianity ------ Process that occurred in non-Muslim Africa,
where millions who were converted to Christianity sought to maintain older
traditions alongside new Christian ideas; many converts continued using
protective charms and medicines and consulting local medicine men, and many
continued to believe in their old gods and spirits.
Apartheid ------ Afrikaans
term literally meaning “aparthood”; the system that developed in South Africa of
strictly limiting the social and political integration of whites and blacks.
Cash-crop agriculture  ------ Agricultural
production, often on a large scale, of crops for sale in the market, rather
than for consumption by the farmers themselves.
Colonial Racism ------ pattern
of European racism in their Asian and African colonies that created a great
racial divide between Europeans and the natives, and limited native access to
education and the civil service, based especially on pseudo-scientific notions
of naturally superior and inferior races
Colonial Tribalism ------ A European tendency, especially in African colonies, to
identify and sometimes invent distinct “tribes” that had often not existed
before, reinforcing European notions that African societies were primitive.
Congo Free State/Leopold II ------ Leopold II was king of Belgium
from 1865 to 1909; his rule as private owner of the Congo Free State during
much of that time is typically held up as the worst abuse of Europe’s
second wave of colonization, resulting as it did in millions of deaths.
Cultivation System ------ System of forced labor
used in the Netherlands East Indies in the nineteenth century; peasants were
required to cultivate at least 20 percent of their land in cash crops, such as
sugar or coffee, for sale at low and fixed prices to government contractors,
who then earned enormous profits from further sale of the crops.
Eurocentrism ------ A
term with its roots in European colonialism and imperialism that emphasizes
viewing the world from a European perspective. Despite being influence by other
cultures, it often seeks to show the superiority of Western customs over those
of analagous cultures.
Indian Rebellion, 1857-1858 ------ Massive uprising of much of India against British rule;
also called the Indian Mutiny or the Sepoy Mutiny from the fact that the
rebellion first broke out among Indian troops in British employ.
Informal Empire ------ Term commonly
used to describe areas such as Latin America and China that were dominated by
Western powers in the nineteenth century but that retained their own
governments and a measure of independence.
 ------ 
Scramble for Africa ------ Name used for the process of the European countries’
partition of the continent of Africa between
themselves in the period 1875–1900.
Western-educated Elite ------ The main beneficiaries
in Asian and African lands colonized by Western powers; schooled in the
imperial power’s language and practices, they moved into their country’s
professional classes but ultimately led anticolonial movements as they grew
discouraged by their inability to win equal status to the colonizers.
European Economic Community ------ :
The EEC (also known as the Common Market) was an alliance formed by Italy,
France, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg in 1957 and
dedicated to developing common trade policies and reduced tariffs; it gradually
developed into the European Union.
European Union ------ The final step in a series of arrangements to increase
cooperation between European states in the wake of World War II; the EU was
formally established in 1994, and twelve of its members adopted a common
currency in 2002.
Fascism ------ ideology
marked by its intense nationalism and authoritarianism; its name is derived
from the fasces that were the symbol of magistrates in ancient Rome
Fourteen Points ------ Plan of U.S. president Woodrow Wilson to establish lasting
peace at the end of World War I; although Wilson’s views were popular in
Europe, his vision largely failed.
Franco-Prussian War ------ German
war with France (1870–1871)
that ended with the defeat of France
and the unification of Germany
into a single state under Prussian rule.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand ------ Heir to the Austrian throne whose assassination by a
Serbian nationalist on June 28, 1914, was the spark that ignited World War I.
Great Depression ------ Worldwide economic depression that began in 1929 with the New York stock market
crash and continued in many areas until the outbreak of World War II.
Great War ------ Name originally
given to the First World War (1914–1918).
Adolf Hitler ------ Leader of the
German Nazi Party (1889–1945) and Germany’s head of state from 1933
until his death.
Holocaust ------ Name
commonly used for the Nazi genocide of Jews and other “undesirables” in German
society; Jews themselves prefer the term Shoah, which means “catastrophe,”
rather than Holocaust (“offering” or “sacrifice”).
Kristallnacht ------ Literally,
“crystal night”; name given to the night of November 9, 1938, when Nazi-led
gangs smashed and looted Jewish shops throughout Germany. 
League of Nations ------ International peacekeeping organization created after World
War I; first proposed by U.S. president Woodrow Wilson as part of his Fourteen
Points.
Marshall Plan ------ Huge
U.S. government initiative
to aid in the post–World War II restoration of Europe that was masterminded by U.S. secretary
of state George Marshall and put into effect in 1947
Benito Mussolini ------ leader
of the Italian fascist party (1883–1945) who came to power in 1922
Rape of Nanjing ------ The
Japanese army’s systematic killing, mutilation, and rape of the Chinese
civilian population of Nanjing
in 1938. 
NATO ------ North
Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military and political alliance founded in 1949
that committed the United States to the defense of Europe in the event of Soviet
aggression
Nazi Germany ------ Germany as ruled by Hitler and the Nazi Party from 1933 to
1945, a fascist state dedicated to extreme nationalism, territorial expansion,
and the purification of the German state.
Nazi Party ------ Properly known as the National Socialist Democratic
Workers’ Party, the Nazi party was founded in Germany shortly after World War I
and advocated a strongly authoritarian and nationalist regime based on notions
of racial superiority.
New Deal ------ A
series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933
and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.
Nuremberg Laws ------ Series of laws passed by the Nazi-dominated German
parliament in 1935 that forbade sexual relations between Jews and other Germans
and mandated that Jews identify themselves in public by wearing the Star of
David.
Revolutionary Right (Japan) ------ Also known as Radical Nationalism, this was a movement in
Japanese political life ca. 1930–1945 that was marked by extreme nationalism, a
commitment to elite leadership focused around the emperor, and dedication to
foreign expansion.
Total War ------ : War that
requires each country involved to mobilize its entire population in the effort
to defeat the enemy.
Treaty of Versailles ------ 1919
treaty that officially ended World War I; the immense penalties it placed on Germany are
regarded as one of the causes of World War II
Triple Alliance ------ An
alliance consisting of Germany,
Austria, and Italy that was
one of the two rival European alliances on the eve of World War I
Triple Etente ------ An
alliance consisting of Russia,
France, and Britain that
was one of the two rival European alliances on the eve of World War I.
United Nations ------ International peacekeeping organization and forum for
international opinion, established in 1945.
Weimar Republic ------ The
weak government that replaced the German imperial state at the end of World War
I; its failure to take strong action against war reparations and the Great
Depression provided an opportunity for the Nazi Party’s rise to power.
Woodrow Wilson ------ President of the United States from 1913 to 1921 who was
especially noted for his idealistic approach to the end of World War I, which
included advocacy of his Fourteen Points intended to regulate future
international dealings and a League of Nations
to enforce a new international order. Although his vision largely failed, Wilson was widely
respected for his views.
World War I ------ The “Great War” (1914–1918), in essence a European civil
war with global implications that was marked by massive casualties, the
expansion of offensive military technology beyond tactics and means of defense,
and a great deal of disillusionment with the whole idea of “progress.” 
World War II in Asia ------ A struggle essentially to halt Japanese imperial expansion
in Asia, fought by the Japanese against
primarily Chinese and American foes.
World War II in Europe ------ A struggle essentially to halt German imperial expansion in
Europe, fought by a coalition of allies that included Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States.

Berlin Wall ------ Wall constructed by East German authorities in 1961 to seal
off East Berlin from the West; it was breached
on November 9, 1989.
Bolsheviks ------ Russian
revolutionary party led by Vladimir Lenin and later renamed the Communist
Party; the name “Bolshevik” means “the majority.” 
Building Socialism ------ Euphemistic expression for the often-forcible
transformation of society when a communist regime came to power in a state.
Fidel Castro ------ Revolutionary
leader of Cuba
from 1959 to 2008 who gradually turned to Soviet communism and engendered some
of the worst crises of the cold war
Chinese Revolution ------ Long revolutionary process in the period 1912–1949 that
began with the overthrow of the Chinese imperial system and ended with the
triumph of the Communist Party under the leadership of Mao Zedong.
Cold War ------ Political
and ideological state of near-war between the Western world and the communist
world that lasted from 1946 to 1991
Collectivization ------ : Process of
rural reform undertaken by the communist leadership of both the USSR and China in which private property
rights were abolished and peasants were forced onto larger and more
industrialized farms to work and share the proceeds as a community rather than
as individuals.
Cuban Missile Crisis ------ Major standoff between the United States and the Soviet
Union in 1962 over Soviet deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba; the
confrontation ended in compromise, with the USSR removing its missiles in
exchange for the United States agreeing not to invade Cuba.
Cultural Revolution ------ China’s
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution was a massive campaign launched by Mao
Zedong in the mid-1960s to combat the capitalist tendencies that he believed
reached into even the highest ranks of the Communist Party; the campaign threw China
into chaos.
Deng Xiaoping ------ Leader
of China
from 1976 to 1997 whose reforms essentially dismantled the communist elements
of the Chinese economy
Glasnost ------ Mikhail
Gorbachev’s policy of “openness,” which allowed greater cultural and
intellectual freedom and ended most censorship of the media; the result was a
burst of awareness of the problems and corruption of the Soviet system.
Mikhail Gorbachev ------ Leader
of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991 whose efforts to reform the USSR led to its
collapse. 
Great Leap Forward ------ Major
Chinese initiative (1958–1960) led by Mao Zedong that was intended to promote
small-scale industrialization and increase knowledge of technology; in reality,
it caused a major crisis and exacerbated the impact of a devastating famine.
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution ------ Mao
Zedong’s great effort in the mid-1960s to weed out capitalist tendencies that
he believed had developed in China.
Great Purges ------ Also
called the Terror, the Great Purges of the late 1930s were a massive attempt to
cleanse the Soviet Union of supposed “enemies
of the people”; nearly a million people were executed between 1936 and 1941,
and 4 million or 5 million more were sentenced to forced labor in the gulag.
Gulag ------ Acronym
for the Soviet government agency that administered forced labor camps
Guomindang ------ The
Chinese Nationalist Party led by Chiang Kai-shek from 1928 until its overthrow
by the communists in 1949. 
Nikita Khrushchev ------ Leader
of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964
Lenin ------ Adopted name of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (1870–1924), the
main leader of Russia’s
communist revolution and head of the Soviet state from 1917 until his death.
Mao Zedong ------  Chairman of China’s
Communist Party and de facto ruler of China from 1949 until his death in
1976
McCarthyism ------ Wave
of anticommunist fear and persecution that took place in the United States
in the 1950s
Natinoal Security State ------ Form
of government that arose in the United
  States in response to the cold war and in
which defense and intelligence agencies gained great power and power in general
came to be focused in the executive branch.
Perestroika ------ Bold
economic program launched in 1987 by Mikhail Gorbachev with the intention of
freeing up Soviet industry and businesses
Russian Revolution  ------ Massive
revolutionary upheaval in 1917 that overthrew the Romanov dynasty in Russia and
ended with the seizure of power by communists under the leadership of Lenin.
Stalin ------ Name
assumed by Joseph Vissarionovich Jugashvili (1878–1953), leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death; “Stalin” means
“made of steel.” 
Warsaw Pact ------ alliance
of the USSR and the
communist states of Eastern Europe during the
cold war.
African National Congress ------ South African political party established in 1912 by elite
Africans who sought to win full acceptance in colonial society; it only
gradually became a popular movement that came to control the government in
1994.
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk ------ Founder
and first president of the Republic of
Turkey (1881–1938); as military
commander and leader of the Turkish national movement, he made Turkey into a
secular state.
Black Consciousness  ------ South African movement that sought to foster pride, unity,
and political awareness among the country’s African majority and often resorted
to violent protest against white minority rule.
Boers ------ Also known as Afrikaners, the sector of the white
population of South Africa
that was descended from early Dutch settlers
Decolonization  ------ Process
in which many African and Asian states won their independence from Western
colonial rule, in most cases by negotiated settlement with gradual political
reforms and a program of investment rather than through military confrontation
Democracy in Africa ------ A
subject of debate among scholars, the democracies established in the wake of
decolonization in Africa proved to be fragile and often fell to military coups
or were taken over by single-party authoritarian systems; Africa’s initial
rejection of democracy has sometimes been taken as a sign that Africans were
not ready for democratic politics or that traditional African culture did not
support it
Economic development ------ A process of growth or increasing production and the
distribution of the proceeds of that growth to raise living standards; nearly
universal desire for economic development in the second half of the twentieth
century reflected a central belief that poverty was no longer inevitable.
Mohandas Gandhi ------ Usually
referred to by his soubriquet “Mahatma” (Great Soul), Gandhi (1869–1948) was a
political leader and the undoubted spiritual leader of the Indian drive for
independence from Great
  Britain.
Indian National Congress ------ Organization
established in 1885 by Western-educated elite Indians in an effort to win a
voice in the governance of India;
over time, the INC became a major popular movement that won India’s independence from Britain.
Muhammad Aku Jinnah ------ Leader
of India’s All-India Muslim
League and first president of the breakaway state of Pakistan (1876–1948
Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini  ------ Important
Shia ayattolah (advanced scholar of Islamic law and religion) who became the
leader of Iran’s Islamic
revolution and ruled Iran
from 1979 until his death in 1989
Nelson Mandela ------ South African nationalist (b. 1918) and leader of the
African National Congress who was imprisoned for twenty-seven years on charges
of treason, sabotage, and conspiracy to overthrow the apartheid government of
South Africa; he was elected president of South Africa in 1994, four years
after he was finally released from prison.
Muslim League ------ The All-India Muslim League, created in 1906, was a
response to the Indian National Congress in India’s
struggle for independence from Britain;
the League’s leader, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, argued that regions of India with a Muslim majority should form a
separate state called Pakistan.

Jawaharlal Nehru ------ first
prime minister of independent India
(1889–1964)
 ------ 
Satyagraha ------ Literally,
“truth force”; Mahatma Gandhi’s political philosophy, which advocated
confrontational but nonviolent political action
Soweto ------ Impoverished
black neighborhood outside Johannesburg,
 South Africa,
and the site of a violent uprising in 1976 in which hundreds were killed; that
rebellion began a series of violent protests and strikes that helped end
apartheid
al-Qaeda ------ International
terrorist organization of fundamentalist Islamic militants, headed by Osama bin
Laden
Antiglobalization ------ Major
international movement that protests the development of the global economy on
the grounds that it makes the rich richer and keeps poor regions in poverty
while exploiting their labor and environments; the movement burst onto the
world stage in 1999 with massive protests at a meeting of the World Trade
Organization in Seattle
Osama bin Laden ------ The leader of al-Qaeda terrorist organization, a wealthy
Saudi Arabian who turned to militant fundamentalism. (pron. oh-ZAHM-ah bin LAWD-n) responsible for the 9/11 terrorist
attacks that included the Twin Towers. 
Bretton Woods System ------ Named for a conference held at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire,
in 1944, this system provided the foundation for postwar economic
globalization, including the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund;
based on the promotion of free trade, stable currencies, and high levels of
capital investment.
Environmentalism ------ Twentieth-century movement to preserve the natural world in
the face of spiraling human ability to alter the world environment.
Fundamentalism  ------ Occurring
within all the major world religions, fundamentalism is a self-proclaimed
return to the “fundamentals” of a religion and is marked by a militant piety
and exclusivism
Globalization  ------ Term commonly used to refer to the massive growth in
international economic transactions from around 1950 to the present.
Global Warming ------ A worldwide scientific consensus that the increased burning
of fossil fuels and the loss of trees have begun to warm the earth’s atmosphere
artificially and significantly, causing climate change and leading to possibly
catastrophic results if the problem is not addressed.
Che Guevara ------ Ernesto
“Che” Guevara was an Argentine-born revolutionary (1928–1967) who waged
guerrilla war in an effort to remedy Latin America’s and Africa’s
social and economic ills. 
Hindutva ------ Fundamentalist
Hindu movement that became politically important in India in the 1980s by advocating a
distinct Hindu identity and decrying government efforts to accommodate other
faith groups
Islamic Renewal ------ Large
number of movements in Islamic lands that promote a return to strict adherence
to the Quran and the sharia in opposition to key elements of Western culture
Jihad ------ Term
used by modern militant Islamic groups to denote not just the “struggle” or
“striving” that the word originally meant but also the defense of authentic
Islam against Western aggression. 
Kyoto protocol on global warming ------ International
agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in an effort to slow global
warming; as of November 2007, 174 countries had subscribed to the agreement,
but the United States’
refusal to ratify the protocol has caused international tensions
neo-liberalism  ------ An approach to the world economy, developed in the 1970s,
that favored reduced tariffs, the free movement of capital, a mobile and
temporary workforce, the privatization of industry, and the curtailing of
government efforts to regulate the economy.
North/South gap ------ Growing disparity between the Global North and the Global
South that appears to be exacerbated by current world trade practices.
Augusto Pinochet ------ Military
dictator of Chile
from 1973 to 1990 who was known for his widespread use of torture and for
liquidating thousands of opponents of his regime
Prague Spring ------ Sweeping series of reforms instituted by communist leader
Alexander Dubcek in Czechoslovakia
in 1968; the movement was subsequently crushed by a Soviet invasion.
Reglobalization  ------ The
quickening of global economic transactions after World War II, which resulted
in total world output returning to the levels established before the Great
Depression and moving beyond them
Religious right ------ The fundamentalist phenomenon as it appeared in U.S. politics
in the 1970s.
second-wave feminism ------ Women’s rights movement that revived in the 1960s with a
different agenda than earlier women’s suffrage movements; second-wave feminists
demanded equal rights for women in employment and education, women’s right to
control their own bodies, and the end of patriarchal domination.
World Trade Organization ------ International body representing 149 nations that negotiates
the rules for global commerce and is dedicated to the promotion of free trade.