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FAMR 230 Exam 1
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Side A ------ Side B Lifespan Development ------ Continues through life 3 Interrelated areas of Lifespan development ------ Physical, cognitive, psychosocial Cohort ------ A group of people born around the same time in the same place Continuous change ------ Gradual developments where achievements BUILD on previous level Discontinuous change ------ Distinct steps, each behavior brings out a different change Critical period ------ Time during development where stimuli has its greatest consequences (Long lasting, irreversible consequences) Sensitive period ------ Reversible consequences, if stimuli are removed Maturation ------ Any factor that is produced by the predetermined unfolding of genetic information Freud's psychoanalytic theory ------ UNCONCIOUS forces act to determine personality and behavior, the unconscious is a part of a person's personality that they are unaware of. i.e. hidden wishes/desires Freud's 3 components of personality ------ id - raw, unorganized inborn part of personality present at birth, pleasure principleego-rational and reasonable, buffer between world and idsuperego-person's conscience, distinctions between right and wrong Erikson's psychosocial theory ------ Society and culture shape us Psychosocial development ------ Changes in our interactions with and understandings of one another as well as in our knowledge and understanding of us as members of society Behavioral perspective (SKINNER) ------ Keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment Operant conditioning ------ Form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive/negative consequences Behavior modification ------ Formal technique of promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones Piaget's cognitive theory ------ All pass through fixed sequence series of universal stages of cognitive development, quality of knowledge and understanding Humanistic perspective ------ People have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their behavior Bioecological approach ------ Perspective that different levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals Vygotsky's sociocultural theory ------ Cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture Scientific method ------ Posing and answering questions using systematic, orderly observation and data collection Hypothesis ------ Prediction that can be tested Naturalistic observation ------ Naturally occurring behavior is observed without intervention Case studies ------ Interviews Independent variable ------ Variable that researches manipulate Dependent variable ------ Variable that researchers expect to change and measure Sample ------ Group of participants chosen for an experiment Longitudinal research ------ Behavior of one or more participants is measured as they age Cross-sectional research ------ People of different ages are compared at the same time Sequential studies ------ Examine number of different age groups over several points in time Zygote ------ Fertilized egg Chromosomes ------ 23 pairs for humans Monozygotic twins ------ Identical twins, one egg Dizygotic twins ------ Fraternal twins, two eggs Boy or girl ------ Determined by the 23rd chromosome, XY - boy XX - girl Down syndrome ------ Extra chromosome in 21st pair Genetic counseling ------ Helps people deal with issues related to inherited disorders Chriionic villus sampling ------ Test used to find genetic defects, uses samples of hair-like material that surrounds embryo Amniocentesis ------ Identifies genetic defects using sample of fetal cells Fertilization ------ Sperm + ovum = zygote Stages of prenatal period ------ Germinal- First two weeks after conception, shortest period. Division and differentiation of cells occur.Embryonic- 2-8 weeks, critical period, organs developFetal- 8 weeks - birth, last stage of prenatal development Teratogen ------ Environmental agent (drug, virus, etc.) that produces birth defect Neonate ------ Term for newborn Episiotomy ------ Incision made to increase size of vagina allowing baby to pass (GOD DAMN) Apgar scale ------ Rating system for new born's health, 7-10 is a healthy baby Anoxia ------ Restriction of oxygen to baby during birth process that can produce brain damage Bonding ------ Close physical and emotional contact between parent and child immediately following birth. Preterm infants ------ Infants born prior to 38 weeks after conception Low birth weight infants ------ Infants who weigh less than 5.5 lbs at birth Small for gestational age infants ------ Delayed fetal growth causes infants to weigh 90% or less of infants of the same gestational age very low birthweight infants ------ Infants who weigh less than 2.25 grams or have been in the womb less than 30 weeks Reflexes ------ Unlearned, involuntary responses that occur automatically from certain stimuli Habituation ------ Decrease in response to stimulus after it appears repeatedly Cephalocaudal principle ------ Principle that growth begins at the head and upper body parts and proceeds downwards Proximodistal principle ------ Principle that development proceeds from center of body outwards Synaptic pruning ------ Elimination of neurons as the result of nonuse or lack of stimulation Myelin ------ Fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds transmission of nerve impulses Plasticity ------ degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable Rhythms ------ Repetitive, cyclical patterns of behaivor State ------ Degree of awareness an infant displays to internal and external stimulation Gross motor skills ------ Involves the whole body Fine motor skills ------ Hand-eye coordination, picking up a cup to drink Developmental norms ------ Average performance of large sample of children at a given age Malnutrition ------ improper amount and balance of nutrient, produces several results, none good. Marasmus for children under 1 Piaget's approach ------ Qualitative, all children must pass through 4 universal stages Schemes ------ Organized pattern of sensorimotor functioning Assimilation ------ Incorporates new information Accommodation ------ Changes information Deferred imitation ------ Person who is no longer present is imitated later Information processing approaches ------ Model that seeks to identify the way that individuals take in, use, and store information Holophrases ------ One-word utterances that stand for a whole phrase Telegraphic speech ------ 2 word speech (doggy go) Infant directed speech ------ Speech for infants, short simple sentences Stranger anxiety ------ Caution and wariness displayed by an infant encountering a stranger Separation anxiety ------ Distress when customary care provider departs Social smile ------ Smiling in response to others Social referencing ------ Looking to trusted adult on how to act in unfamiliar situations Attachment ------ Social bond between child and an individual Ainsworth Strange Situation ------ sequence of staged episodes that illustrates strength of attachment between child and mother Secure attachment pattern ------ Style of attachment that uses mother as home base, at ease when present, uneasy when she leaves and runs to her when she returns. Reciprocal socialization ------ infant's behavior bring responses from parents and caregivers, which brings out more response from infants Personality ------ Characteristics that differentiates one from another Trust verus mistrust stage ------ Period where infants develop sense of trust or mistrust, depending on how needs are met by caregiver -Erikson Autonomy-versus-shame-and doubt stage ------ Period which toddlers (18 months - 3 years) develop independence if they are free to explore or shame if they are restricted Temperament ------ Patterns of arousal and emotionality that are constant and enduring characteristics Goodness of fit ------ Notion that development is dependent on degree of match between children's temperament and the nature and demands of the environment in which they are being raised.
Side A ------ Side B Lifespan Development ------ Continues through life 3 Interrelated areas of Lifespan development ------ Physical, cognitive, psychosocial Cohort ------ A group of people born around the same time in the same place Continuous change ------ Gradual developments where achievements BUILD on previous level Discontinuous change ------ Distinct steps, each behavior brings out a different change Critical period ------ Time during development where stimuli has its greatest consequences (Long lasting, irreversible consequences) Sensitive period ------ Reversible consequences, if stimuli are removed Maturation ------ Any factor that is produced by the predetermined unfolding of genetic information Freud's psychoanalytic theory ------ UNCONCIOUS forces act to determine personality and behavior, the unconscious is a part of a person's personality that they are unaware of. i.e. hidden wishes/desires Freud's 3 components of personality ------ id - raw, unorganized inborn part of personality present at birth, pleasure principleego-rational and reasonable, buffer between world and idsuperego-person's conscience, distinctions between right and wrong Erikson's psychosocial theory ------ Society and culture shape us Psychosocial development ------ Changes in our interactions with and understandings of one another as well as in our knowledge and understanding of us as members of society Behavioral perspective (SKINNER) ------ Keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment Operant conditioning ------ Form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive/negative consequences Behavior modification ------ Formal technique of promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones Piaget's cognitive theory ------ All pass through fixed sequence series of universal stages of cognitive development, quality of knowledge and understanding Humanistic perspective ------ People have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their behavior Bioecological approach ------ Perspective that different levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals Vygotsky's sociocultural theory ------ Cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture Scientific method ------ Posing and answering questions using systematic, orderly observation and data collection Hypothesis ------ Prediction that can be tested Naturalistic observation ------ Naturally occurring behavior is observed without intervention Case studies ------ Interviews Independent variable ------ Variable that researches manipulate Dependent variable ------ Variable that researchers expect to change and measure Sample ------ Group of participants chosen for an experiment Longitudinal research ------ Behavior of one or more participants is measured as they age Cross-sectional research ------ People of different ages are compared at the same time Sequential studies ------ Examine number of different age groups over several points in time Zygote ------ Fertilized egg Chromosomes ------ 23 pairs for humans Monozygotic twins ------ Identical twins, one egg Dizygotic twins ------ Fraternal twins, two eggs Boy or girl ------ Determined by the 23rd chromosome, XY - boy XX - girl Down syndrome ------ Extra chromosome in 21st pair Genetic counseling ------ Helps people deal with issues related to inherited disorders Chriionic villus sampling ------ Test used to find genetic defects, uses samples of hair-like material that surrounds embryo Amniocentesis ------ Identifies genetic defects using sample of fetal cells Fertilization ------ Sperm + ovum = zygote Stages of prenatal period ------ Germinal- First two weeks after conception, shortest period. Division and differentiation of cells occur.Embryonic- 2-8 weeks, critical period, organs developFetal- 8 weeks - birth, last stage of prenatal development Teratogen ------ Environmental agent (drug, virus, etc.) that produces birth defect Neonate ------ Term for newborn Episiotomy ------ Incision made to increase size of vagina allowing baby to pass (GOD DAMN) Apgar scale ------ Rating system for new born's health, 7-10 is a healthy baby Anoxia ------ Restriction of oxygen to baby during birth process that can produce brain damage Bonding ------ Close physical and emotional contact between parent and child immediately following birth. Preterm infants ------ Infants born prior to 38 weeks after conception Low birth weight infants ------ Infants who weigh less than 5.5 lbs at birth Small for gestational age infants ------ Delayed fetal growth causes infants to weigh 90% or less of infants of the same gestational age very low birthweight infants ------ Infants who weigh less than 2.25 grams or have been in the womb less than 30 weeks Reflexes ------ Unlearned, involuntary responses that occur automatically from certain stimuli Habituation ------ Decrease in response to stimulus after it appears repeatedly Cephalocaudal principle ------ Principle that growth begins at the head and upper body parts and proceeds downwards Proximodistal principle ------ Principle that development proceeds from center of body outwards Synaptic pruning ------ Elimination of neurons as the result of nonuse or lack of stimulation Myelin ------ Fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds transmission of nerve impulses Plasticity ------ degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable Rhythms ------ Repetitive, cyclical patterns of behaivor State ------ Degree of awareness an infant displays to internal and external stimulation Gross motor skills ------ Involves the whole body Fine motor skills ------ Hand-eye coordination, picking up a cup to drink Developmental norms ------ Average performance of large sample of children at a given age Malnutrition ------ improper amount and balance of nutrient, produces several results, none good. Marasmus for children under 1 Piaget's approach ------ Qualitative, all children must pass through 4 universal stages Schemes ------ Organized pattern of sensorimotor functioning Assimilation ------ Incorporates new information Accommodation ------ Changes information Deferred imitation ------ Person who is no longer present is imitated later Information processing approaches ------ Model that seeks to identify the way that individuals take in, use, and store information Holophrases ------ One-word utterances that stand for a whole phrase Telegraphic speech ------ 2 word speech (doggy go) Infant directed speech ------ Speech for infants, short simple sentences Stranger anxiety ------ Caution and wariness displayed by an infant encountering a stranger Separation anxiety ------ Distress when customary care provider departs Social smile ------ Smiling in response to others Social referencing ------ Looking to trusted adult on how to act in unfamiliar situations Attachment ------ Social bond between child and an individual Ainsworth Strange Situation ------ sequence of staged episodes that illustrates strength of attachment between child and mother Secure attachment pattern ------ Style of attachment that uses mother as home base, at ease when present, uneasy when she leaves and runs to her when she returns. Reciprocal socialization ------ infant's behavior bring responses from parents and caregivers, which brings out more response from infants Personality ------ Characteristics that differentiates one from another Trust verus mistrust stage ------ Period where infants develop sense of trust or mistrust, depending on how needs are met by caregiver -Erikson Autonomy-versus-shame-and doubt stage ------ Period which toddlers (18 months - 3 years) develop independence if they are free to explore or shame if they are restricted Temperament ------ Patterns of arousal and emotionality that are constant and enduring characteristics Goodness of fit ------ Notion that development is dependent on degree of match between children's temperament and the nature and demands of the environment in which they are being raised.
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